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The Scientific Method

 

A double bond represents four electrons shared between two atoms. When the electrons are shared equally the bond is called a covalent bond. When the sharing is somewhat unequal, the bond is a polar covalent bond. When the electrons are shared so unequally that one atom effectively gives an electron to the other atom, that bond is called an ionic bond. The reaction described in the preceding paragraph, between sodium and chlorine atoms, will result in what we call an ionic bond. The resulting compound is called sodium chloride.
             Molecules and Compounds.
             A molecule is a chemical combination of two or more atoms. A compound is any molecule containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Thus O2 is called a molecule of oxygen - it's not a compound because it contains just one element. A molecule of water, H2O, can be called a compound because it contains different elements in a fixed ratio.
             Polar Molecules.
             The ability of an atom to attract and hold electrons is called its electronegativity. Different types of atoms, oxygen and hydrogen for example, have different electro-negativities. Covalent bonds are the result of atoms' sharing electrons. Since certain atoms hold electrons more tightly than other atoms, some covalent bonds will create polarity in a molecule because one atom holds the negative electron closer than the other atom does. Water is a polar molecule because it is not linear and oxygen holds the electrons closer to its nucleus than the two hydrogen atoms can.
             Water.
             Since electrically opposite charges attract, the polarity of water molecules makes them attractive to other water molecules. The positive side of one water molecule attracts the negative side of another.
             Hydrogen has only one proton in its nucleus. Since the positive charge of the protons in the nucleus is what attracts the negative electrons in any atom, there can be no atom less electronegative than hydrogen. Hydrogen bonded to oxygen or nitrogen certainly will create the possibility of polarity in a molecule.


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