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Recombinant DNA techniques rely on biological vectors such as plasmids or viruses to carry foreign genes into cells. .
When using plasmids to move genes artificially, new genetic material is inserted into the cells next to the cells of the bacteria containing the plasmids. Often the bacteria will take up the gene and begin to produce the protein for the new gene codes. .
Viruses are infectious particles that contain genetic material to which a new gene can be added. .
When using viruses to move genes artificially, the virus carries the new gene into a recipient cell in the process of infecting that cell. The virus can also be disabled so that while it can carry a new gene into a cell, it cannot redirect the cells genetic machines to make thousands of copies of itself. .
Microinjection is a more modern method of artificially transferring genes. Unlike Recombinant DNA, it does not rely on biological vectors like plasmids or viruses. Microinjection is exactly what you would expect it to be by its name. It involves simply injecting gene material containing the new gene into the recipient cell. Where the cell is large enough, as many animal and plant cells are, a fine tipped glass needle can be used. Scientists are unsure how, but the injected genes find their way to the recipient cell's genes and incorporate themselves among them. This may be a cause for concern because scientists are not aware of exactly what they are doing, they may be doing more harm than good. .
Other modern ways of transferring genes are Chemical and Electroporation. These methods involve creating pores in the cell membrane and allowing entry of the new genes. In Chemical Poration, the cells are bathed in solutions of special chemicals. In Electroporation cells are subjected to a weak electric current. .
Bioballistics uses projectile methods and small pieces of metal to deliver the genetic material to the interior of the cell.