The squeeze on West Pakistan's investment came from two sources: sharp increase in defence spending and the conscious effort to increase development outlays and foreign aid allocations for East Pakistan. .
Real defence spending hardly risen little over 3 percent per annum in the five years before the 1965 war with India, substantially less than the rate of growth of the economy. The availability of US military assistance probably continued to moderate the growth in defence spending. But it is significant that Ayub Khan, a former C-in-C of the army, kept the size of the army under strict control, even though India's defence expenditure 39 was rising rapidly after its confrontation with China in 1962. Following the war with India in 1965, defence allocations were given high priority and phasing out of US military assistance after 1965 put additional burden on domestic resources. Real defence expenditure almost doubled between 1960-65 and 1965-70. This took its toll on development. A serious conflict between defence and development, which had characterized the first half of the 1950s, re-emerged after 1965. The Third Plan (1965-70) had targeted a sharp expansion in public development spending while reducing defence spending as a proportion of GDP.
In fact development expenditure remained at 7.1% of GDP while defence expenditure rose from 2.8% of GDP in 1960-65 to 4% in 1965-70.
Defence vs. Growth under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1971-77).
1972-73 1973-74 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77.
Defence expenditure 2.7.
(3.8) 4.8.
(5.4) 6.3.
(5.6) 8.
(5.6) 8.
(5.6).
Development.
Expenditure 3.9.
(5.7) 36.
(7.3) 44.
(10.2) 14.9.
(11.2) 8.82.
(9.0).
Investment 0.8.
(12.9) 5.9.
(12.4) 5.5.
(12.7) 20.7.
(14.6) .
(13.7).
Growth 1.7% 3.4% 4.1% 5.3% 4.0%.
The high and rising burden of defence expenditure was a root cause of the fiscal imbalance as Pakistan was trying to recover from the shocks of difficult political and military conditions after the 1971 war with India. Defence expenditure in 1975-6 and 1976-7 average at Rs.
The adoption of IT can be seen in a number of libraries in Pakistan. ... To promote automation and digitization of libraries in Pakistan. ... Why there is a need to automate the libraries of Pakistan? ... What are the problems that arise in automating the libraries of Pakistan? ... Based on PASCAL, it is the first Urdu library software in Pakistan. ...
Pakistan has numerous social crises and unemployment is one among them. ... Due to which, every two Pakistani is unemployed out of ten. ... Pakistan is an agriculture country. ... In fact, terrorism in Pakistan has widened the unemployment pool. ... The unemployment in Pakistan is the basic ro...
Everyday Life in Pakistan 1. ... Pakistanis don't discuss women in public. ... The work environment in Pakistan is formal. ... He was responsible for founding Pakistan. ... Another hero in Pakistan is Alama Mohammad Iqbal, a great poet who dreamt about having an independent Pakistan. ...
WHY PAKISTAN IS LAGGING BEHIND IN TECHNOLOGY IN COMPARISON WITH TECHNOLOGY TIGERS ABSTRACT Pakistan is an enriched country with natural resources. Pakistan has got fine weather conditions. Pakistan has got brilliant minds. Pakistan is a nuclear power. But unfortunately Pakistan has ever suffe...
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In this essay "The Role of Islam in Pakistani Politics", I will begin with distinguishing between the two schools of thought which are at the forefront of Pakistani politics. ... Pakistan since it came into being on August 14th 1947, has witnessed a number of leaders. ... Primarily he formulated a new constitution for Pakistan in 1962. ... The Pakistani State was coined as a republic and the word Islamic was temporarily erased. ... Ayub Khan also attempted to change the Marriage Family laws of Pakistan. ...
These wars have left Pakistan in a very unstable condition. The overall rate of literacy in Pakistan is 56.20% (Wikipedia.2008). ... In Pakistan, children start formal school at the age of 4 which is called nursery. ... In contrast, Pakistani students go to an all male or an all female primary school. ... In Pakistan, the students are forced to learn by rote learning methods (Hanif T, 2009). ...
Part of the Pakistani-administered territory comprises the so-called Azad Kashmir ("Free Kashmir") region-which Pakistan nonetheless considers an independent state, with its capital at Muzaffarabad. ... Modern Pakistan's population can be divided broadly into five major and several minor ethnic groups. ... Cultural Life Pakistan shares influences that have shaped the cultures of South Asia. ... On the other hand, the specific regional cultures of Pakistan present a picture of rich diversity, making it difficult to speak of a single Pakistani culture. ... It was later pointed o...
The cuisine of Pakistan is a mixture of Arab, Turkish, Persian and Indian influences. Roti (bread), chawal (rice), sabzi (vegetables) and gosht (meat) are the four main components of a Pakistani meal. ... The spread of Islam to what is now Pakistan, starting in the Eighth Century, has given a basic character to the food of the people. ... Most Pakistanis follow this diet restriction strictly and will avoid all foods cooked with lard. ... Now you can see why Pakistanis think their food is the best! ...
