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Evolution


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             James W. Valentine says that the first organisms were archaebacteria, primitive cells without nuclei. These cells may have evolved in waters with extremely high temperatures and no oxygen. Cyanobacteria, more advanced organisms, evolved from 2.5 to 3.4 billion years ago. Cyanobacteria carried out photosynthesis, a process that traps the energy of the sun and uses it to build glucose, an organic molecule, from water and carbon dioxide. Organisms that used photosynthesis no longer had to depend on organic molecules dissolved in water, and released oxygen so that the atmosphere and oceans became more favorable environments for advanced life forms. .
             Advanced cells may have evolved through distinct simple cell types, According to James W. Valentine. Large cells may have incorporated smaller cells that evolved into chloroplasts and some tiny aerobic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria. Advanced cells also may have been formed from prokaryotic cells. Single-celled eukaryotes then developed complex modes of living and advanced types of reproduction that led to the formation of multi-celled plants and animals. About 700 million years ago the first multi-celled organisms were formed. At that time, free atmospheric oxygen and food and plant supplies became more stable. .
             About 700 and 570 million years ago, modern animals and their body structures began to change dramatically. Early fossils mainly belong to jellyfish and other simple organisms. At about the same time, fossil burrows were found. This signals a change to more advanced body structures. Just before 570 million years ago, skeletons developed independently in some animals. Fish arose from worm-like creatures by evolving to have a stiff dorsal cord and, eventually, an internal skeleton that allowed them to swim.
             Before complex animal communities could develop, plants had first become established to support the animals. The small plant-eaters would then become the food of predators and scavengers.


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