... whether a substance contains reducing sugars and/or polysaccharides (two types of carbohydrates) by using Benedict's reagent and iodine stain. Background: Carbohydrates are essential to living organisms, and the principal role of carbohydrates is the production of energy. Carbohydrates are groups of sugars that contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Three main units of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. A monsaccharide contains one sugar unit ... ...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... athlete typically expends around 2000 calories daily during a 3 hour intense workout session he or she is going to need a higher daily caloric intake in comparison to the average person. Carbohydrates are going to be their primary energy source. Although many strength training athletes are under the impression that protein intake is much more important than their carbohydrate intake, this theory ... can be argued. Carbohydrates are used in the body as a fuel for short, intense bursts of power and energy. With constant training, eating raw fruits and vegetables often, and consuming high ...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... earth are carbon based life-forms because the element can bond with itself repeatedly to form an infinite variety of molecules. Carbohydrates are organic molecules, including all sugars and starch, and contain three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates are the first molecules produced in photosynthesis, as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are synthesised from them. There are three ... made from two monosacharides, and like monosacharides they are classed as sugars. Polysaccharides are multiple sugars, or polymers of many monosacharides. Monosacharides are the chemical ...

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MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules are giant molecules with many atoms and very large masses for a molecule. Cells can combine small organic molecules into large macromolecules, forming a higher level in the biological hierarchy. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are the four major classes of organic compounds in cells. Nearly all macromolecules include the element carbon as a building block, because it is the only ... produced by green plants and by bacteria using the process known as photosynthesis, in which carbon dioxide is taken from the air by means of solar energy to yield ...

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... body and understanding how they behave should help researchers figure out how to treat most illnesses. However, cells not only consist of genes and proteins, but also of carbohydrates (sugars) and lipids (fats). Carbohydrates, which were once regarded as energy-yielding molecules, are now known to combine with the cell surfaces and influence cell-to-cell communication, the immune system, the ... by excess inflammation. After wounding or infection, endothelial cells that line blood vessels begin to display large numbers of carbohydrate-binding proteins called selectins. Selectins bind loos...

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Introducing Photosynthesis: What is Photosynthesis? Animals and plants both synthesize fats and proteins from carbohydrates; thus glucose is a basic energy source for all living organisms. The oxygen released, with water vapor in transpiration, as a photosynthetic byproduct, principally of phytoplankton, provides most of the atmospheric oxygen ... equation used to represent this overall process is 6CO2+12H2O+energy=C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O. In general, the results of this process are the reverse of those in respiration, in which carbohydrates are oxidized to release energy, with the production of ca...

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... changes in diet, exercise and weight reduction but occasionally tablets and insulin can be required as well. The causes of Type 2 Diabetes include obesity, heredity, a diet lacking in fibre and carbohydrates and is high in fat, salt and sugar, physical inactivity, pregnancy (especially if the woman has given birth to a large baby) and old age. The reaction to this is an ... be avoided by eating a nutritious diet, exercising and controlling your weight. A low GI diet consisting of fruit, vegetables and cereals with low fat, salt and sugar and high fibre and carbohydrates is essential and...

• Word Count: 1162
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the individual. Analyzing my three-day food journal, I realize that my diet is deficient in several nutrients. I need to eat more fiber, fruit and vegetables, and I need to limit my carbohydrates intake. During the vitamins and minerals presentation we had in class, I learned that fiber can help reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, help maintain a healthy body weight, help ... that I am more informed about the importance of a good nutrition, vitamins and minerals and the benefits of exercise, I encourage my husband to eat a more balance meal and to limit his carbohydrates intake...

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... an excellent source of dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals and do not contain a lot of sugar. Cereals usually enrich the diet with complex carbohydrates, dietary fibre and minerals. Nutritionists recommend wholegrain over refined cereals because of the additional complex carbohydrates, dietary fibre and B group vitamins. The consumption of a variety of fruits is linked to Vitamin C in citrus fruits and Vitamin A in yellow ... and orange fruit and vegetables. Dried peas, beans and lentils also contain some carbohydrates and supply the body with plenty of protein, fibre and minerals. Fib...

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... activities. When plants undergo the process of photosynthesis, they take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to synthesize carbohydrates, such as sugars. These sugars are then transferred to the Rhizobia, providing the root bacteria with energy that is gained from carbohydrates. Therefore, pea plants play an extremely important role in the mutualistic relationship with a root bacteria because, if it were not ... ...

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... ; Taft, 1985). Dietary management is dependent upon sex, age, height, physical activity, weight, and present diet (Taft, 1985). With diet modification an attempt is made to avoid unnecessary refined carbohydrates, increase unrefined carbohydrates, and control total energy intake by regulating fat and protein consumption (Taft, 1985). Oral hypoglycemic agents are generally used after the athlete has reached their ideal weight, but is ... ...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... surface to make it rough. These ribosome's that are bound to the rough ER synthesize the proteins. The proteins are then moved into the lumen where they are folded and carbohydrates are attached, which become glycoproteins. They are then transported to the Golgi apparatus by vesicles. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes bound to it and the enzymes that it ... involved with many different functions depending on the cell type. These functions include the synthesis of membrane components like phospholipids and fatty acids, the synthesis of steroid hormones, metabolism of carb...

• Word Count: 410
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... the public have shown growing interest in the relationship between diet and health. Good nutrition depends on a healthy mixture of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Protein is needed for the building blocks and chemical machinery of our bodies; carbohydrates are needed for immediate fuel and energy; fats are needed for long term storage of fuel and energy. Vitamins are organic compounds ... ...

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... as sodium). When you perspire, your body loses about 900 to 1400 milligrams of sodium per litre of sweat (Shirreffs & Maughan, 2000). These electrolytes cannot be replenished by normal water. Carbohydrates, that can be ingested in the form of sugars, are another important source of energy in the body that water does not contain. In general, adding more sugar to a beverage ... increases the delivery of sugar to the blood (Moodley, 1992). During exercise, they should consume 30 to 60 grams of carbohydrates an hour. Because eating solid foods can be difficult while exercising, athletes can...

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... foster the change to a more demand-driven, quality oriented and internationally competitive market system. Over the past decades the Maltese diet has changed from one that is high in complex carbohydrates and low in fats, especially animal fats, to one that is high in total fats, especially animal fats, and low in complex ... carbohydrates. These changes are due to an increase in consumption of meat, milk and dairy, eggs and vegetable oils and a reduction in the consumption of cereals. Fruit, vegetable and fish consumption ... ...

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... of Chicago Medical Center in The Lancet report that losing adequate amount of sleep can reduce the capacity of a person to perform basic metabolic functions such as processing and storing carbohydrates or regulatin hormone secretion ("Lack of Sleep" 1). As such research evinces, lack of sleep has been found to be linked to obesity. Lacking ample amounts of sleep drives down the ... growth hormone that controls the body's fat to muscle ratio and the hormone, leptin, causing an increase in appetite and craving for carbohydrates when it is not necessary. In addition to obesity, a study sho...

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... regular times like in the morning for breakfast, afternoon for lunch and evening for dinner instead of having meals at irregular times and loading up on snacks which are mainly carbohydrates, fats and sugars. I can also drink more water, which will also help me because not only will I be more fully hydrated, I will not be so hungry since my stomach is ... this to 1,500 for me, given that I receive the calories from healthy forms of food, like fruits and vegetables. Instead of eating bread and other bread products made up of carbohydrates, I will eat meat to sustain myself. This way, I c...

• Word Count: 331
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... . The diabetic athletic must balance insulin by injection, food intake and exercise for their performance to be optimal. Sports Medicine suggests that their diet needs to be balanced with complex carbohydrates forming a significant portion. Exercise increases the utilization of sugar therefore diabetes require a pregame meal to raise blood sugar levels and hourly glucose supplementation e.g. Banana if exercise if prolonged. These intakes ... ...

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... population varies geographically, from culture to culture, in different races and religions, through different beliefs and or simply by taste preference. In order to maintain optimal health, a balance of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, ands fat) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) must be acquired through the intake of substances from all food groups. However, a group of individuals called vegetarians abstain the consumption of ... ...

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... suffer from heart disease. Furthermore, a low income can limit a family's choice in regards to their choosing of healthy food. As a result, low income families often consume too much sugar and carbohydrates. In such situations, junk food becomes typically consumed and is often combined with sedentary lifestyles (extended periods of sitting and watching TV). All of these factors result in a higher rate ... ...

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... , there are more negative effects that overpower these benefits. Low carbohydrate diets are synonymous with starvation and result in the depletion of nutrients in the system. The absence of adequate carbohydrates effects the muscular system and the liver glycogen stores (site pg 72). Essentially affecting the whole system where energy is created through ATP(textbook). This can result in muscular weakness ... ...

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... of secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. These hormones where then secreted by Islets of Langerhans directly to the blood. Inadequate secretion of insulin results on impaired metabolism of glucose, carbohydrates, proteins and fats, which then result to hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Hyperglycemia is the most frequently observed sign of diabetes and is considered the etiologic source of diabetic complications both in ... ...

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... any individual especially one that exercises. In the case of diabetes even more consideration must go into the selection of food before and after exercise. Doctors suggest large intakes of carbohydrates before exercise for diabetes carriers to meet the glucose needs of the muscles. The researched found that urinary proteins, particularly albumin, increase in urinary excretion after moderate exercise. Albumin, which ... ...

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... complained by smokers. Although the effects of food on sleep appear lesser than other substances, certain types of food promote sleep while others prevent it. Foods in high protein, refines carbohydrates, or sugar usually prevent one from sleep because those foods raise blood-sugar levels and can cause a burst of energy that disturbs sleep. Foods that cause gas or heartburn are ... ...

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... melatonin, which inhibits ovarian function, and may be related to the body's circadian rhythms. The islands of Langerhans, located in the pancreas, secrete insulin and pancreatic polypeptide. These hormones regulate carbohydrates and glucose in the blood. The gonads contain the sex hormones, which are important to the functioning of the reproductive system. Information on the endocrine system is important to the ... ...

• Word Count: 260
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