... The outside of the fortress was protected by a curtain (an earthwork with brick casemates inside) - 10 meters high and 6.4 kilometers long - and a bypass moat filled with water. The total area of the fortress was 4 square kilometers (400 hectares). 1864 saw the modernization of the fortress according to the plan proposed by the well-known Russian fortification engineer Adjutant-General E.I. Totleben ... Y.M. Fomin commanded the defence at the Kholm Gate and in the building of the Engineer Staff. Lieutenant N.F. Shcherbakov and Private A.K. Shugurov were at the head of the defenders in th...

• Word Count: 9116
• Approx Pages: 36
• Grade Level: High School

... 1924 on, the pace accelerated quickly to resettle the Jews through agriculture. Fruition was to be seen on March 28th/1928 when the area of Birobidzhan in the eastern USSR, was declared to be the Jewish Autonomous District (8). The plans for the region were exemplified in 1926 ... Executive Committee allocated the region of Birobidzhan for settlement of Jewish agricultural toilers the final step had been taken in the creation of the area (23). It is at this time when the decisions to choose Birobidzhan as the Jewish Autonomous Region, that future problems for the ... culture rooted in ...

• Word Count: 3032
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , individually and in concert with the other parties. Such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and measures taken as a result thereof shall be deemed reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the ... . The parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European state in a. position to further the principles of the treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this treaty. A...

• Word Count: 1712
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 86,10osq km being land. The climate of this country varies from some areas being dry and desert like, others are humid, there is also a area that is mountain tundra climate. Almost half of Azerbaijan is rugged mountains along wit deep river valleys. Azerbaijan has roughly 500 miles of the Caspian Sea ... to protect the delicate dry soil and juniper/pistachio forests. Another preserve is the Eldar Preserve which protects old pins , the Kyzylagach Preserve protects winter area for migrating birds. Baku is 56 feet below sea level. It is located by the northern shore of the Bay of Baku in th...

• Word Count: 1382
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... British tanks). Stalin bickered almost constantly with both his subordinates and his superiors during this campaign (which ultimately ended in victory in December). After supervising mopping-up operations in the area, he returned to Moscow in April of 1920. In May, Stalin was sent west on his final military expedition. Poland had invaded the Ukraine and captured Kiev on May 7 (shortly ... attacks extended to scientists and philosophers and continued until after Stalin's death in 1953. Stalin increased the size of the Kremlin bureaucracy: commissariats, commissions, and committees regime...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... "frogmen- going ashore with orders to set up landing lights. Those lights indicated to the main assault force the precise location of their objectives, as well as to clear the area of anything that may impede the main landing teams when they arrived at 2:30 a.m. At 3:00 a.m., two battalions came ashore at Playa Gir •n and one battalion at Playa Larga ... to secure it as well. When looking at a modern map of Cuba it is obvious that troops would have problems in the area that was chosen for them to land. The area around the Bay of Pigs is a swampy marshland area, which would be hard on ...

• Word Count: 3500
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: High School

... . The Bolsheviks were situated in a more central position, which kept the army closer together, and they could easily defend themselves in the area, which they created. This area included Moscow, the new capital of Russia, and Petrograd, still the main area of industry. "The Whites," were a mixed group of several different committees all with different opinions, and different ideas on running the army ... , attacks came from the British and the Americans, from the east attacks were from the Czech legion, and lastly from the South from Ukraine. The "Red Army" only attacked one area, Warsaw...

• Word Count: 1116
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... is important that we as managers become familiar with outsourcing and its potential benefits if we what to become effective and efficient managers. The first area that I will explore in this paper is cost savings. The question being ask by IBM employees is no different than the one ask by ... always be clear to them that they play a role in the companies profitability. Now that I have briefly looked at cost savings, the second area that I want to look at is improved services. You may be thinking how can simply changing who is performing the function improve the service provided ... coul...

• Word Count: 1153
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , which aimed to sow mistrust between the superpowers (the term which emphasizes the new alignment of forces in the world). A certain role in the development of the situation in this area has played and the position occupied by formally independent (from the USSR), the governments of Eastern European countries. And the beginning of the clash of interests of the USSR and ... , by 1945 the country was far from the pre-war economic indicators. At the end of the war power of the Soviet Union it was based not in the economic area (where US leadership was undeniable), and in the military. The S...

• Word Count: 4151
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... will continue to highlight the relationship between the two countries. Next is the issue of Taiwan. At one time, Taiwan was a major area of tension between the U.S. and China but relations have improved greatly . Taiwan has become a major area for the development of technology industries and economic agencies. This has benefited both the U.S* and the Chinese. Relations between China and Taiwan are ... a result of the creation of Pakistan, around 8 million Hindus and Sikhs and about 6 million Muslims had to be relocated . However, the tensions between Pakistan and India sprang up over th...

• Word Count: 3269
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... to combat the threat. Stalin's response was hostile: rather than trying to negotiate a peaceful settlement, Stalin continued to tighten his grip on eastern Europe. Communist governments were installed in every area of eastern Europe (barring Czechoslovakia) by the end of 1947. These governments were implemented by guerrilla tactics:elections were rigged, non-communist members of the governments were expelled, with many ... secret police force. Moreover, Stalin had increased his influence in the Russian zone of Germany as if it belonged to Russia. He allowed only the communist party and ...

• Word Count: 1438
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... the agriculture sector. Khrushchev viewed the best way to improve living standards was to focus on food production. He believed the best way to increase output was to expand the area to be cultivated. The Virgin Lands campaign was introduced in 1953 and opened up a great deal of land for farming. "42 million hectares of land, mostly in Northern Kazakhstan, were ... ploughed and sown for the first time, starting in 1954, with a net gain of 30-40 million hectares to the total area sown to crops in the USSR" (Hanson 54). Khrushchev's formula was simple and would prove to effective in the s...

• Word Count: 1633
• Approx Pages: 7

... Ukraine; on the south by the Black Sea, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China; on the east by the Pacific Ocean, and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. The area west of the Ural Mountains is called European Russia; the Asian part of the country, east of the Urals, is called Siberia. Russia's capital city is Moscow. With a total population ... and the Don. An interesting part of Siberia is Lake Baikal. It is the deepest freshwater lake in the world. The lake is so deep and has such a large surface area that it holds one-fifth of the world's supply of fresh water. Russia's c...

• Word Count: 1044
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... played a significant role in destroying the environment. The oil spill in the North has killed the majority of the marine life living in that area and the nuclear explosion at Chernobyl caused radiation to spread around the area. Although it isn't high in radiation anymore, the land will not be habitable for an enduring period of time. The atomic bomb dropped on ... Hiroshima and Nagasaki has also had devastating long-term effects on the area and its inhabitants. There are many people born with abnormalities such as retardation. The crisis between the Palestinians and the Israelis is co...

• Word Count: 1041
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... the people, but this assignment was very different than my previous one. From Dushanbe, I traveled 60 miles to the south to the Boktor district. This district was the primary agricultural area of Tajikistan. As we took our orientation tour of Boktor, my interpreter pointed out fields that used to produce cotton, buildings that used to be factories, and highways that used ... to be paved. I soon realized this was a place that used to be. Historically, Tajikistan was under Soviet control from1929 until 1991. Since the area was originally a swamp, the Soviets built a drainage and irrigatio...

• Word Count: 478
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: High School

... had been planed for the two million Polish Jews who were now under German rule. According to The Times, the Germans intended to deport more than a million Jews into a concentration area. These Jews would be brought from every country; then put under German rule: all one hundred eighty thousand Jews who were still living in Germany, all sixty five thousand from ... western province of Poland now taken over by Germany. In addition, nearly one in a half million Jews from Poland itself would be uprooted from their homes, and sent to this area. It was "clear" that the aim of the scheme was t...

• Word Count: 1707
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... " was more important to the defense of Moscow than the cold. Economy The Russian war effort was a "tremendous economic and organizational achievement." By the end of 1942 Germany occupied an area containing 40% of the Russian population, and the majority of its coal manufacturing. Despite this annual rifle production increased fourfold, this "vast improvement in firepower," was a boon to Russian morale ... fuel their military resurgence. Agriculturally, collectivized farms provided the state with steady grain procurements ensuring cities could be fed despite the German occupation of 47% ...

• Word Count: 2415
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... these officials will rule the way the people would and do what is best for the people. One of several limitations of democracy is the fact there is no gray area. The representatives can vote yes or no, you can't find a middle ground. In addition, many important decisions are made by the representatives because we don't have time to make them ... would not otherwise have. There are many countries with good laborers and business rewards them for their ability. Although there are often times where big business moves into an impoverished area and exploits that resource of labor. People are ...

• Word Count: 5440
• Approx Pages: 22

... eighteen years of age. He brought in nearly 50,00 experienced former Tsarist officers and appointed political commissars. Together they seized many of the key places, such as the central area Western Russia, which contained most of the large Industrial centers able to produce munitions and war supplies. They also had control of the railway lines, which connected Moscow to the ... through a policy of Collectivisation. Most farms were small, because of the way land had been shared out after the Revolution. Therefore Stalin, introduced collectivization, where all the peasants in a particul...

• Word Count: 1694
• Approx Pages: 7

... wait out the flight and hope that the skin had not been exposed in a critically hot spot. In a worst-case scenario, just a few missing tiles in even a relatively low temperature area could lead to a fatal chain reaction, with possibly hundreds of them peeling away. "Losing a single tile can do you in," says Stanford University's Elisabeth Pate Cornell, an engineer and risk ... ) Hundreds of pieces of debris rained down across 500 square miles of eastern Texas and part of Louisiana. There were no reports of injury. NASA declared an emergency and warned area residents to watch out for fall...

• Word Count: 633
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... having an unpopular form of government. This is true in Animal Farm as well as in Russia in the 19th century. Animal farm was the only farm in the surrounding area to have revolted and become an "animalistic" society, so, consequently, the Foxwood and Pinchfield farms were hostile to Animal farm. Russia found itself in a similar predicament when socialist rebellions in ... the surrounding area failed and Russia was left alone in a capitalistic world. Therefore, it left little room for any disloyalty to the leader. Another reason a subjugated people remain loyal to a totalitarian leader ...

• Word Count: 827
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... danger had increased much more by the foundation of the new rich oil reserves in Turkmenistan. The Turkic states may go in war with the non-Turkic states in the area (Armenia, Georgia etc.). The collapse of communism had also caused many nationalist competitions in Eastern Europe. The West should encourage the former Eastern Europe Communist States (satellites) to build up ... had caused many empires to collapse (Austria-Hungry Empire, Ottoman Empire etc.) throughout the history. These collapses had changed the economical, political and all kinds of conditions focused on the area and in...

• Word Count: 1219
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... with the issue of human rights. The structure and organisation of the UN has come under scrutiny in recent years and has been targeted as an area for reform, indicating that this may be an area that hinders the effectiveness of the organisation. For example, it has been said that the vast nature of the organisations and its multitude of organisations within ... ...

• Word Count: 717
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in eastern Europe. This would a war in order to defeat Soviet Bolshevism. 3.To include all German-speaking people in his proposed "Third Reich", especially those living in Austria, the Sudeten area of Czechoslovakia and Danzig. 4.To create a "racially pure" German state that would be the most dominant power in Europe. It is clear from these four points that he was very ... his advance in Europe. As a result of Anschluss, German dominance over central Europe was a fact of life and by this stage Czechoslovakia was under grave threat. After invading the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia i...

• Word Count: 1572
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... of these was NATO. NATO's Article 6 states an armed attack occurs when "the forces, vessels, or aircraft of any of the parties, when in or over these territories or any area of Europe, which occupation of any of the Parties were stationed on the date when the treaty entered into force"(James). In 1955, after being occupied for several years, West ... into four different parts. Germany's divisions consisted of, Britain controlling the Northwestern part, France controlling the Western part, and The United States controlling the Southern part. With Britain controlling the area around the R...

• Word Count: 3726
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: High School