... because it combines computerized convenience with security and privacy that improve on paper cash. Its versatility opens up a host of new markets and applications. E-cash is an electronic or digital form of value storage and value exchange that have limited convertibility into other forms of value and require intermediaries to convert. E-cash presents some characteristics like monetary value, storability and irretrievability interoperability and security ... . Sadeghi, A. and Schneider, M. (2001) Electronic Paymenrt System Retrievedfrom http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/10941270_9...

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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... resolution. The Federal Trade Commission was alleging that the pricing policies of Microsoft inhibited competition. They also claimed that Microsoft put programming codes in its operating system so that other competitor's applications would not be compatible. In 1993 Novell, the maker of DR-DOS filed a complaint with the Competition Directorate of the European Commission. When this complaint was filed it caused a ... stall in the investigations of Microsoft. Finally in August of 1993 the Federal Trade Commission handed over the Microsoft case to the ... their operating system. Microsof...

• Word Count: 1993
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... rate in Washington D.C. showed that within three years of the passage of a law prohibiting the sale of handguns in the city the murder rate dropped by 25% (Kruschke 22). The state of South Carolina and the city of Boston experienced similar results when stricter gun control laws were recently enforced. In Boston the homicide rate dropped by 39% and in South Carolina the murder rate dropped by ... 28% (Kruschke 23). These are just some example of cities and states that have realized that strict gun control ... is one way of decreasing high murder rates. According to a survey conducted b...

• Word Count: 2579
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• Grade Level: High School

... their victims. Wars today, it seems, are driven by ethnic divisions, with territorial claims as a critical factor or even just part of the spoils of war. However, there are those countries that exist with little or no military at all and would need to rely heavily on neighboring ... in the entire world is that violence begets violence. At the very core of Christian ideology is this passage: " but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also" (Matt. 35:39), which clearly exhorts one to not retaliate to vio-lence. Surely, the ... although to a much lesser de...

• Word Count: 940
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Are we morally obliged to obey unjust laws? Do we have to follow a law regardless of how unfair, unjust, or immoral it may be? The only reason that these laws must be followed are because they are the law. But if your're caught in a situation were the "unjust- law needs to ... they personally believe is right. Thoreau, " paid no taxes poll-tax for six years,"" but "never declined paying the highway tax, because I am as desirous of being a good neighbor-. Despite the consequences, he would stand firm in his opinions and beliefs. In turn Thoreau spent one night in prison, but felt that his ......

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... not right. Both perpetrators should be punished the same way. A crime based on hate is just as worse as a crime based on indifference. Furthermore, hate crime laws are superfluous because hate crime is the only type of crime that gets a separate distinction. "Perhaps" a columnist once said, "other crimes deserve their own designation. Sexual assailants could face harsher penalties for having a sex drive ... a judge and a jury to get inside the head of the defendant and decide what his or her motives were, so these hate crime laws are unjust. Thirdly, hate crime laws are discriminating a...

• Word Count: 1351
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• Grade Level: High School

... vetoes it, it has to go through the same process again or he can sign it and make it an official law. This is one way Congress makes the laws. Another one of the legislative branch's duties is to take part in the amendment process. Amendments can either be added to the U.S. Constitution or they can be changed. An amendment is commonly ... defects in the building. One example is how the doorway was too small for people to get out, and the fire escape couldn't hold the weight of people. After this fire many laws and changes were made to public buildings, such as sprinkler systems, fire al...

• Word Count: 1048
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... in primary care physicians and the government's new laws regarding private health insurance, Obama administration officials are recruiting "mystery shoppers" who will experience and report firsthand on the growing problem. Although many physicians are angered at the idea, the administration says the survey will address a "critical public policy problem," the increasing shortage of primary care physicians. Furthermore, the administration is ... exchanges. The entire plan, which is predicted to cost $940 billion over ten years, will be paid from Medicare Payroll tax on investment income (...

• Word Count: 1046
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... both the business executive and the carpenter, the lawyer and the factory worker. As to what our criminal laws should be? Well, each of us will develop our own unique list. Most of us will top the list with murder and go from there. My list would be shorter than most. ... We see this in Amsterdam, a drug user is only hurting themselves in the end, not anyone else. Why should they be punished by society's laws? I think when they are in the hospital, they will think twice about their actions. The requirements for success in a free, moral society demand that ... prudence and frugality. In ...

• Word Count: 911
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... people was kept trapped in their own ignorance at the bottom. The Catholics decided to support this social structure by creating a set of laws which were named "The Seven Deadly Sins". Though it is difficult to see why someone might be denied heaven by God if they eat too much or become angry, it ... same sex marriages. Would the government have been protecting the people or consolidating their own power? In maintaining their power through such laws the government only imprisons the majority of the people which they please. Regardless of the source or purpose of such laws they exists a...

• Word Count: 1686
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• Grade Level: High School

... in which a country, state, county, township, city, college, or village is run. At every level, government makes laws that citizens must obey and creates policies about everything connected with the daily of a community "whether that community is a nation, a state, or the town where you live. Government affects ... me with roads. Roads that are monitored with speed limits and traffic lights. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has the job of making sure speed limit signs are put up on the highway and that the police enforce the speed limits. The government also makes ... m...

• Word Count: 539
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• Grade Level: High School

... have adopted the English ways but the only Ottoman law that was still followed was their system of family law. This allowed religious courts of the different religious communities to set the laws and standards of family practices. Israel is a parliamentary democracy consisting of a legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The institutions that make up these branches are the Presidency, the Knesset ... muslims have sharia courts. Following the establishment of a state, the Knesset was given the duity of enacting a series of basic laws. These basic laws related to all aspects of life...

• Word Count: 989
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... I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn him the other also." Matthew 5:38-39 What Jesus is trying to tell us is that if forgiveness is essential when dealing with criminals. We need to understand that they may have gone ... is what prisons should aim to do. If capital punishment came into occurrence it would deter criminals from doing many crimes for a short period of time. But just like a fashion, the reaction from the criminals will eventually die down. We have to agree that headlines in all newspapers ... child molesters, rapists, lif...

• Word Count: 1884
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... bathrooms for minimum wage. If exploiting the poor is such a concern, then require a minimum income for anyone who sells their organs. Presently, many countries have laws in place flatly prohibiting the purchase or sale of body parts. U.S. law has tended to divide body parts into categories. Payment for non-regenerative or nonrenewable tissues used in transplantation, such as hearts and kidneys ... payments associated with the transplant process itself such as organ retrieval and implantation and payments to cover the expenses of the donor such as travel and lost wages. Some people sugges...

• Word Count: 1646
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• Grade Level: High School

... political associations. By analogy, the ruler is the father and the children are the people. They both follow some of the same basic concepts of life. Certain laws are used to the advantage of the "children" and "people" used in the analogy. Political associations and family have a difference even though one was based on the other. The difference between each party is in their ... this analogy to be useful and its contentions to be true to a certain extent. The analogy clearly identifies the similarities of political associations and the family. It states that the family has specific la...

• Word Count: 802
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• Grade Level: High School

... social order. The government is not only obligated to pass and enforce laws to maintain order but it is also obligated to maintain the traditional patterns of social relationships. The most common ways for a government to maintain order are through government legislation, interpretation of the law, and enforcement of the law. Social order is what society feels is right and ... original dilemma. However, by promoting equality the government has passed some laws the limit individual freedoms. Promoting freedom, on the other hand, inhibits the achievement of total equality. By definition a ...

• Word Count: 815
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... mutants living throughout Canada. Every mutant has rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion and belief. Mutants have rights to be treated equally and Mutants must respect some laws formed by governments and politicians. All mutant should have a job or career or anything legal to support themselves. Mutants have the rights to be in politics or civil authorities and ... Canada as long as he/she is a citizen or applies through agencies to vote legally. From December 10th 2003, we will have a mixed government consisting of mutants and normal people. Mutants shall be acknowl...

• Word Count: 312
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... and children have to pay for themselves. Companies that employ children pay them little and the environment is poor. The government doesn't enforce laws against child labor. Child labor improved in the 1990's even though there was a lack of government concern. They make about 6 cents per hour, making various things. Presently there is pressure on companies such as Nike, Reebok, Carpet Industries ... , and sweatshops not to use child labor. There are 3.3 million children between the ages of 5-15 working, 73% of them are male, and 27% are female. They make up 90% of the carpet industry's w...

• Word Count: 2213
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• Grade Level: High School

... political associations. By analogy, the ruler is the father and the children are the people. They both follow some of the same basic concepts of life. Certain laws are used to the advantage of the "children" and "people" used in the analogy. Political associations and family have a difference even though one was based on the other. The difference between each party is in their ... this analogy to be useful and its contentions to be true to a certain extent. The analogy clearly identifies the similarities of political associations and the family. It states that the family has specific la...

• Word Count: 767
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• Grade Level: High School

... hurt. I'm sure we can all agree here that there are some laws which don't benefit us at all. Like that you can die for your country at age 18 but you can't order a beer in a bar, and one of my favorite ones why should you have to pay taxes on your winnings ... a nation. CON- SIDE: Many would argue that if it drugs were legal that there would be people all over the place under the influence of drugs that might make people feel like they are superman. Especially while they are driving cars, operating machinery and being in public endangering lives. The ... the smokers rates have dropped sub...

• Word Count: 821
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... A literal democracy is impossible in a political system containing more than a few people. All "democracies" are really republics. In a republic, the people elect representatives to make and enforce laws. 3. Monarchy A monarchy consists of rule by a king or queen. Sometimes a king is called an "emperor," especially if there is a large empire, such as China before 1911. There are no large monarchies today. ... enforce order within its territory, often framed in terms of public welfare, security, health, and safety. The exercise of police power can be in the form of making laws, compellin...

• Word Count: 808
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... is a right that is available to any person who wishes to take part. Along with rights come duties and common laws. 1) Illegal use of light. 2) Having to be 100 yards from and public dwelling. 3) It is unlawful to hunt across a paved way or within 10 feet ... of a paved way. These laws are all important, safe, and necessary to protect the public. B. Similar to needing a license to drive a car, hunters must have ... a license to hunt. 1) Hunter safety course, numerous hours in classes with hands on training and written exams. C. A common argument of anti-hunting organizations is that hunt...

• Word Count: 692
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... voice in government and respect by society. But sometimes, the welfare of one or a few is secondary to the interests of the collective in a democracy. Because of this, the government imposes certain things such as traffic laws and filing taxes which people must obey or else they will suffer ... consequences like fines and imprisonment. These laws and taxes are forced upon people because it serves the interest of people, who are collectively the individual. Equality of ... all persons is the equality that government allows you, the people, under the law. It does not restrict any person o...

• Word Count: 504
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... The workhouses themselves would also be made so unattractive-"less eligible", that the poor would rather help themselves than enter a workhouse. Plus each category of poor-for example female, male, would be given their own individual workhouse. In a time where the working classes were suffering from poor working and ... cope with but the limitations on their independence and the division of their family. What heightened the effects of the Poor Law were the implications of the Corn Laws. The Corn Law was introduced after the Napoleonic War, the benefices of the law were the upper classes...

• Word Count: 1044
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• Grade Level: High School

... There are many rights that protect us from causing problems within a group of people or even the government. Unfortunately it wasn't the same back in the 1600s when Europeans discovered the New World, and started to make new laws and to make their own decisions on how to deal with certain problems ... especially when it came to religious views and beliefs. Anne Hutchinson was a woman, mother, wife, and just another Puritan. Everyone thought she was a well-respected woman who did what everyone else did, which was go to church, and of ... addictions, family problems, population (meaning n...

• Word Count: 561
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: High School