... There are many effects that cigarette smoking by pregnant women have on their fetuses. The relationship between maternal smoking and fetal development shows that smoking can induce spontaneous abortion, affect birth weight, and bring about fetal malformations. The long-term effects of smoking while pregnant on the offspring are its influence on growth, the chance of SIDS, respiratory disorders, and ... behavior. Smoking while pregnant can affect a baby's life immediately, through distorted birth weight and fetal malformations, or end it, through spontaneous abortion. Spontaneous abortio...

• Word Count: 1155
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... iodine deficiency, can cause several issues for both the mother and fetus during pregnancy. The most common effects caused by thyroid disease are fetal neurocognitive development, mental retardation, premature birth, low birth weight, and miscarriage. Treatment of thyroid disease during pregnancy is important to ensure healthy fetal development. The thyroid is a gland that produces hormones which affect human growth, use ... cells. It is essential for neuronal migration and myelination of the fetal brain. The maternal thyroid hormone is used for fetal thyroid development around 4 weeks af...

• Word Count: 1094
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a significant increase in cocaine consumption. An annual survey conducted on prenatal cocaine exposure, has indicated that the usage of cocaine during child birth is extensive. Findings from the National Survey of drugs have shown that approximately 45000 babies have been prenatally exposed to cocaine. Injuries to ... separate study showed that, the language of children six years and nine and a half years language results was decreased due to their age, birth weight, and their gender. These children with PCE showed lower language skills at age six years than age nine and a half. Furtherm...

• Word Count: 2711
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... children born in this country. Alcohol exposure in utero is also the number one cause of mental retardation in the United States, and one of the three leading causes of birth defects (CDC,1996). "Alcohol produces more significant neurobehavioral effects in the fetus than other drug including cocaine, heroin and marijuana" (Bagheri, Burd, Martsolf, & Klug, 1997). These statements provide a basic ... the use of alcohol during pregnancy. The term was coined in 1973 by Jones and Smith, two physicians who were working on the hypothesis that malnutrition in alcoholic women caused birth defec...

• Word Count: 1764
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... study in Obstetrics & Gynecology found that women have a much lesser risk of mortality from an abortion, 0.6 in 100,000, while risks of dying from birth total 8.8 in 100,000; around 14 times higher than abortion risks ("Should Abortion Be..."). Along with this finding, the study also discovered that ... to terminate a fetus with severe abnormalities. In many cases, fetuses have profound disorders that will lead to death during pregnancy or shortly after birth. In such situations, it would be better to terminate the pregnancy, rather than force the woman to carry a deformed child to term....

• Word Count: 3016
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . It could be a prescribed medication, a street drug, alcohol use, or a disease present in the mother, which could increase the chance for the baby to be born with a birth defect. About 4 to 5 percent of birth defects are caused by exposure to a teratogen.When during pregnancy can teratogens really cause harm to the fetus?Teratogens are thought to have the ability to affect the ... nervous system is the baby's brain and spine. One teratogen that affects the central nervous system is alcohol. Alcohol, at any time during the pregnancy, has the potential to cause birth defects and health pr...

• Word Count: 502
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... pose problems not only to herself, but to the fetus that she is carrying. The problem? FAS, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. According to many physicians it is the leading cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities in the United States today. Douglas A. Milligan states that, "FAS is the single greatest cause of mental retardation in the U.S. today". ( Seachrist, p. 314) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ... the alcohol consumption rates during pregnancy and a lower general cognitive index of these children. Being further studied in the 1970's under the heading as a birth defect that occurs, FAS ...

• Word Count: 2348
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... : ARUP Laboratories). The order of the genes is: epsilon, gamma, delta, and beta (Gribnau et. al, 2000). Three of the five genes are expressed prior to birth and the remaining two are conveyed after birth (Klug and Cummings, 567). On the beta region, the genes are arranged consecutively from 5 to 3 beginning with the gene that is usually expressed first known as the ... of development, two alpha genes combine with two gamma genes to produce fetal hemoglobin, or hemoglobin F (Online: Bridges). This fetal hemoglobin is the primary hemoglobin in the developing fetus. After birth, the £_-gl...

• Word Count: 1387
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... human features. Brain activity occurs in the embryo and the biological development has become evident within the womb. After eight weeks of maturing the embryo is now deemed a fetus until birth. The fetus continues to grow until reaching viability at twenty-four weeks. The fetus is now capable of surviving outside of the womb, but will not reach full term until ... is the deliberate killing of a human being. Liberals feel that a fetus is not yet human, but only an entity of cells; it has no hopes or dreams, or future until birth. Conservatives feel that abortion sets a dangerous precede...

• Word Count: 1775
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the law in the U.K "Two doctors must agree that termination of the pregnancy is necessary". There are a few circumstances that will allow a termination at any time for example, if giving birth would be a risk to the life of the mother or risk that the child were born with physical or mental abnormalities, amongst other reasons. (B) The bible teaches us that abortion ... church all believe in this, for example, Methodist church believe that "Circumstances which may often justify an abortion are direct threats to the life of the mother, or the probable birth of a severely abnormal child- ...

• Word Count: 1039
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... psychological trauma to its victims. There are at least 48 published studies showing that women who acquire an abortion are more likely to have a significantly higher risk of premature birth and low birth weight in future pregnancies, and this risk doubles after just one abortion (Ertelt 2). Some women who obtain abortions will contract pelvic inflammatory disease, many will have uterine perforations, an ... ...

• Word Count: 2063
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... experiences is the mother. This section discusses the interactions between the mother and the fetus, which are hypothesized to predispose a child to schizophrenia. A personal hypothesis is that the season of birth phenomenon found in schizophrenia, i.e., more persons with schizophrenia have been shown to be born in the winter or early spring, will eventually be linked to a gestational insult variable. Family history ... obstetric data (Kunugi et al., 1996). However, there has been a significant lack of agreement in the research on which particular obstetric complications are linked with...

• Word Count: 2018
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Abortion is the expulsion of a fetus prior to a natural birth. Many people have different views of this controversial topic. However, whether a person is for it, against it, or somewhere in between, all can agree on the result, the loss of a ... on this controversial issue. In the end, as of present laws, it is the mother's choice. No matter what the reason for the expulsion of a fetus prior to the natural birth, you have to stop and think of the consequences. The fact is when having an abortion there is a great possibility of complications. Not all cases have the side effects and ... ...

• Word Count: 1313
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the uterus. Medicines such as oxytocin are sometimes given to cause the uterine muscles to contract and reduce the pain, most of the methods are related to the labor and birth process itself (Adam 2), but certainly the method of abortion that will be used is depending on the physician and his personal preference and skill and the policies of the hospital ... able to force regulations upon the illegal clinics. This contributes to the economy's decline, which later leads the economy into an inflationary or recessionary phase. Those include instances when giving birth would endanger the wo...

• Word Count: 1511
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... stimulus. The control group was subjected to all of the same conditions, only the headphones placed over the abdomen played no music. Infants were again tested as neonates 3-5 days after birth. Neonatal electrocardiogram electrodes were applied to the infant's chest to record a baseline for heart rate, variation, and acceleration. Observers also recorded the infant's body, limb and eye movements. After the ... were chosen to take part in the study, based on gestational age, the absence of maternal medical or obstetric complications, single fetus without apparent structural anomalies and...

• Word Count: 1245
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . When the expulsion from the womb occurs after the fetus becomes capable of independent life, which usually happens at the end of six months of pregnancy, it is technically a premature birth. There are several different types of abortion. There are also several different reasons why women get abortions (Microsoft, Encarta). Abortions are considered to be as such when a fetus is exerted ... , however, show that even late abortions place the patient at less risk than full-term delivery (Microsoft, Encarta). The practice of abortions was widespread in ancient times as a method of birth cont...

• Word Count: 1178
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... can be carried out up to week 24 if it is life threatening for the mother, or if any genetic mistakes have been spotted, but you would have to give birth to the baby. Though now a days, with help of technology, premature babies can be saved from week 23, so this creates a problem if you want to carry out abortion this ... we already have today, and everyday more and more die from starvation, this is especially a problem in developing countries such as Africa. Many organizations that are anti-abortion, recommend giving birth to the baby, and eventually giving it up for adoption, as so ma...

• Word Count: 1288
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... through the procedure themselves. These woman also believe in a woman's right to choose, but have the mindset that the fetus is not actually a human being until it passes through the birth canal (Cook & Dickens, 2003). If one is looking at the abortion standpoint from a religious perspective, most religious groups are not one hundred percent against abortion. According to Hoffman and Johnson ... ...

• Word Count: 1489
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... -argues, stating that the option of offering the baby up for an adoption is available, and that such a decision would be a much better choice than to prematurely kill a baby before birth. Hale then finishes by reflecting upon what he believes is the real problem in the abortion debate. According to Christopher Hale, the real issue that our society should be working ... ...

• Word Count: 1720
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the revolution and civil wars. In 2006, Colombia's highest court ruled that women could obtain abortions if a mother's life was in danger, if the fetus was not expected to survive birth, or if the pregnancy was the result of rape or incest. However, in the modern American society, government still leaves a woman freedom of choice whether to keep a yet-born baby ... ...

• Word Count: 950
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... summarize from all of the numbers mentioned above, 87% of all women who have had an abortion, have suffered its negative consequences. In the dictionary, the word abortion means, "a premature birth occurring before the fetus can survive". In other words, an unborn child is not able to make the decision whether to live or die, to be loved or a burden. We ... ...

• Word Count: 1281
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is a biological one - it is the woman who carries the baby for nine months, and until the baby is out in the open, being a separate person, until the moment of birth, the baby is simply a part of the woman's body. I choose to view childbirth as the moment when the child becomes the human, because it is the most valid turning point ... ...

• Word Count: 804
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... willing to concede that life begins at conception, yet I would still advocate a system in which the killing of an unborn child is preferable to forcing an unwilling mother to give birth. And I do not believe that community rights in this matter are equal to individual rights. While the rights of the community are not to be ignored, the final decision should ... ...

• Word Count: 4259
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... willing to concede that life begins at conception, yet I would still advocate a system in which the killing of an unborn child is preferable to forcing an unwilling mother to give birth. And I do not believe that community rights in this matter are equal to individual rights. While the rights of the community are not to be ignored, the final decision should ... ...

• Word Count: 3983
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... willing to concede that life begins at conception, yet I would still advocate a system in which the killing of an unborn child is preferable to forcing an unwilling mother to give birth. And I do not believe that community rights in this matter are equal to individual rights. While the rights of the community are not to be ignored, the final decision should ... ...

• Word Count: 4179
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate