... of information technology to prepare the battle space and gather intelligence on adversaries. It does not cause any denial or disruption in service. • Computer Network Attack (CNA) - planned attack or reconnaissance operation by denying or disrupting services to a nation's information channel. In some cases, severely degrading available services in order to prevent attacks on ones ... • Intentionally creating a "fog of war" for the adversary during combat. IW techniques can be used to bring down physical infrastructure or cause major physical damage, in surface attack operation. For ...

• Word Count: 4835
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... vessel was shipped in hope for a large flourishing trade with China. This never became a reality (Ferrell 112). From a political standpoint, the Americans believed that Communist China was behind the attack of the 38th parallel (Ferrell 112). After China was passed under Communist control in 1949, the Marshall Plan was willing to give Nationalist China 400 million dollars for economic and ... North Korea having airfields near Japan's major cities (Ferrell 115). This meant at any time, the Koreans could possibly invade and destroy Japan and turning them Communist as well. A Korean attack ...

• Word Count: 2478
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... American Philippines and resource-rich British and Dutch colonial possessions in South-East Asia. To distract the American government while it secretly positioned a powerful aircraft carrier strike force for a surprise attack on the United States Pacific Fleet at its Pearl Harbor base in Hawaii, the Japanese government had ordered its envoys in Washington to engage the Americans in intensive diplomatic negotiations ... residents of Hawaii were preparing for church or other peaceful Sunday pursuits. Battleships of the United States Pacific Fleet burn in Pearl Harbor after the Japanese lau...

• Word Count: 1961
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... both naval and infantry operation is needed as Heyningen told in her text "Helles: The French in Gallipoli- and the council gives permission for a dual attack in Dardanelles. For several months, there had been attacks from both the Allied forces and from Turkish forces and the casualties were huge. Allied troops ... Henry Morgenthau, in the WW1 period. I just read one chapter of this very important primary source from a diplomat and it was about the biggest attack of British and her allied fleets during the Gallipoli War. The text consists of the dialogues of very important officials of ...

• Word Count: 3181
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... its infantry to raid the attacked sections of the country to claim the victory as it is evident in their attack of France. German generals were determined to making sure that the enemy could not be prepared for the Blitzkrieg attack. During Germany's attack on Poland, Germany used it's aircrafts to disrupt any radio communications on enemy's territory in order for the victim ... allies for help. Generals realized that the enemy would be much more "vulnerable when attacked at night"2; this would give Germany not only a clearer attack but a faster and a well-organized attack as well. Fran...

• Word Count: 461
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... its infantry to raid the attacked sections of the country to claim the victory as it is evident in their attack of France. German generals were determined to making sure that the enemy could not be prepared for the Blitzkrieg attack. During Germany's attack on Poland, Germany used it's aircrafts to disrupt any radio communications on enemy's territory in order for the victim ... allies for help. Generals realized that the enemy would be much more "vulnerable when attacked at night"2; this would give Germany not only a clearer attack but a faster and a well-organized attack as well. Fran...

• Word Count: 483
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... its infantry to raid the attacked sections of the country to claim the victory as it is evident in their attack of France. German generals were determined to making sure that the enemy could not be prepared for the Blitzkrieg attack. During Germany's attack on Poland, Germany used it's aircrafts to disrupt any radio communications on enemy's territory in order for the victim ... allies for help. Generals realized that the enemy would be much more "vulnerable when attacked at night"2; this would give Germany not only a clearer attack but a faster and a well-organized attack as well. Fran...

• Word Count: 485
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Union in the summer of 1941 with a prejudice that they could defeat and take Moscow by October that year. The German army was advancing extremely rapidly with the deadly Blitzkrieg attack, and one million Soviet troops were conscripted to help protect the next target city, Kiev. Hitler assumed that because the German army had been so successful in all their past ... Union in the summer of 1941 with a prejudice that they could defeat and take Moscow by October that year. The German army were advancing extremely rapidly with the deadly Blitzkrieg attack, and one million Soviet troops were...

• Word Count: 1288
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... this case, a light railway concealed through a cut almost a mile long, delivered supplies at night and probably created the impetus for the successful attack that triumphed where the French had failed, taking massive casualties the previous year. Source D, the postcard allows sentences to be erased (blacked out) ... of proper education about conditions in the trenches. Time in England being taken up with march and drill, not the tactics of trench attack and defence, result being that the troops moved forward, achieving the impossible simply because they failed to recognise what was impo...

• Word Count: 6124
• Approx Pages: 24
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... removed the threat from communist states. According to the treaty all the member are committed to help one another in case of any military attack against one or more nations. In addition the member countries use peaceful means to settle their disputes. The Treaty: The treaty of NATO ... and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack. Article 4. The parties will consult together whenever, in opinion of any of them, the territorial integrity, political independence or sec...

• Word Count: 1712
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... future battles in many ways. The raid on Dieppe showed how important it was to destroy enemy defenses with air bombings prior to the attack, along with improvement of military tactics and equipment from traditional war trends. Dieppe resulted in important lessons, assisting in the Canadian development of ... was that it deepened knowledge of Canadian forces as it provided a glimpse of what awaited the allies onshore. This allowed them to modify attack plans and artillery from occasions such as Dieppe, where weather conditions and pebbly landscape that affected landing locations, and cau...

• Word Count: 1094
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... not carry out any large military actions against the PRC in July. Both Chiang's and U.S. forces went on alert because of intelligence hinting at a PRC attack against the Nationalists. In late July the Nationalist's army began a large six-day drill, which also added to the concerns of the communists. Mao used ... invasion of Quemoy and Matsu, which could lead to an attempt being made on Formosa. General Taylor (Army Chief of Staff) thought that a surprise attack could be mounted at anytime on Quemoy and Matsu by using junks to transport troops, just like Chinese communists had previousl...

• Word Count: 6151
• Approx Pages: 25
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... top lieutenants, and Molotov carved out a pact with the German foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, by which Russia and Germany agreed not to attack one another. This sacrifice of ideology, signed in August of 1939, shocked and frightened the West--but it should have come as no ... sea-fenced isle, Nazi Germany stood as the unquestionable master of continental Europe. This left Hitler free to turn on Stalin without fear of attack from the west. But for the next year, while the Nazi leader prepared to launch "Operation Barbarossa- against Russia, Stalin did little to ... the Soviet ...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... strike capability, which would be remarkably efficient. This is a valid fear among Russian officials. The U.S. could hypothetically launch first against the Russians. Russia would then launch in retaliation to the attack. With the new ABM system set up, the United States could (hypothetically) shoot down a good number of the incoming ICBMs, absorb a diminished ... attack, and then launch again with another arsenal of nuclear missiles. The United States takes a few hits in one attack whereas Russia takes the full brunt of two attacks. This hypothetical attack is not considered valid amon...

• Word Count: 2631
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... themselves in water "were simply boiled alive and people who tried to run, simply caught fire." The pain experienced by the Japanese people during this attack is horrendous because at one point or another, "everyone was surrounded by fire and the entire city was nearly destroyed overnight." After Japan was put into ... August 6th was just another day until "Suddenly, a strong flash of light " startled the city, Dr. Michihiko Hachiya wrote, in the article "Surviving the Atomic Attack on Hiroshima, 1945". People had never seen anything like what they just witnessed, as the sky around them...

• Word Count: 1054
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... declare war against the defiant country. Due to the fact that the United States is a member-state of the United Nations, they may not attack Iraq unilaterally, instead they must prove just cause for this potential war to the United Nations. However, this war has not yet been sanctioned by ... A war in Iraq could greatly hurt Iraq citizens if neighboring countries do not open their borders to refugees. If the United States does choose to attack alone, they will not only be defying the authority and respect of the United Nations, but also the costs of attacking the country unilaterally wo...

• Word Count: 1121
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 19th of February 1942, in the middle of the 2nd World War, mainland Australia came under attack for the first time in history, when Japanese forces mounted two air raids on the city of Darwin. The attack, led by the same commander responsible for the bombing of Pearl Harbour in 1941, was part ... the Japanese were preparing to invade Timor and thought it was in their best interests to make sure the allies could not launch a counter-offensive attack from Darwin. The attacks made Australia realise that the war was going to have an effect on the country sooner or later, and that serious ... ...

• Word Count: 647
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Union began to make trade agreements with Cuba to help fund their economic development. In agreement the Soviets placed missiles in Cuba, to help Cuba in case America wanted to attack, due to the conflicts between Cuba and America regarding trade issues of denying export of sugar to America. The trade was based on the beginning of the sugar export, which ... , when a U2 spy plane recorded photographs, which illustrated Cuba missile abilities. America was now in a state of "National Emergency". The American government was debating whether or not to deploy a surprise attack, but John Kenne...

• Word Count: 1988
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... new Dreadnought-class battleships. Britain responded to the Germans attempt to equal its navy by creating a navy so large and powerful that no other nation's navy would ever contemplate an attack. This head-to-head production period was known as the "Arms Race" and created more tension between the two nations. Within Europe during the early years of the twentieth century ... remained in tact until the beginning of World War I. The conditions of the alliance changed after Italy was added and stated that countries would aid any other that was under attack from two or more countries. The o...

• Word Count: 1859
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Mao Zedong and the Chinese. The Russian's strategy involved provocative threats, which included intimidating Mao with nuclear force. They deliberately insinuated that they were discussing plans for a nuclear attack on the Chinese (focusing upon their nuclear arsenal) during numerous negotiations involving both nations' heads of state. China dismissed Moscow's aggressive posture and Mao was reluctant to respond to ... had been approaching foreign governments to inquire about their reactions to a potential Soviet preemptive strike (p. 1187). Mao Zedong deemed this information as being cre...

• Word Count: 1275
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... this role, delivering large quantities of food from the lower Volga to Moscow and markedly improving the local railroad network. During the summer of 1918, Stalin's operations came under military attack by Cossacks and anti-Bolshevik forces from both the Caucasus and the Donets basin. Stalin appointed his own military commander (Voroshilov), who successfully defended the city. It was during ... Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, all of which managed successfully to hold on to their independence). In fact, Lenin recognized Georgia's independence in April of 1920. Stalin, however, urged Lenin...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... with resentments and security worries. For example, France, after the letdown of the US to guarantee French security, was left with fear of a possible future German attack. The Eastern countries, like the French, feared both a German invasion and a communist advance westward. The results of this mutual fear was a treaty between France ... of Nations, in September 1931, Japan attacks China (both Japan and China were members of the League of Nations at this time). Following this attack, the Chinese appeal to the League of Nations and to the US, as a result the council of the League of Nati...

• Word Count: 1920
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... this role, delivering large quantities of food from the lower Volga to Moscow and markedly improving the local railroad network. During the summer of 1918, Stalin's operations came under military attack by Cossacks and anti-Bolshevik forces from both the Caucasus and the Donets basin. Stalin appointed his own military commander (Voroshilov), who successfully defended the city. It was during ... Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, all of which managed successfully to hold on to their independence). In fact, Lenin recognized Georgia's independence in April of 1920. Stalin, however, urged Lenin...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to fight at two front battle in Eastern and Western Europe like Germany had in World War I. However, these advantages ended when Hitler decided to attack the Soviet Union in mid-June 1941 to get his create Lebensraum in the East. Germany attacked Poland on September 1, 1939, and the Soviet Union also ... agreed to attack the Poland from the East later that month. Hitler and Stalin had drawn up a secret agreement that would split Poland up amongst Germany and the ... to invade the Soviet Union in 1941-1943 proved costly to German war aims. The Soviet Union would have been on its knees if...

• Word Count: 2122
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... through Sicily & Italy, Normandy Invasion (D-Day), Drive through France and Belgium to Germany - Turning points: Battle of Stalingrad, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge - Strategies: Take control of Africa and Italy, Attack France from Italy and Normandy 3 major mistakes made by Hitler - allowing Allied troops to retreat from Dunkirk; Bombing London, giving the RAF time to rebuild; failure to take over USSR ... Wall breached - greatest successful combined Allied land, sea, and air operation - Rommel said the war would be won or lost on the beaches Battle of the Bulge - Germany's counter-attack...

• Word Count: 945
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate