... such a way as to maximize the expected satisfaction of interests in the world, equally considered " (Matheny, 14). In other words, do what is best for everyone, not yourself; the greatest good for the greatest number. In Utilitarianism and Animals, philosopher Gaverick Matheny argues how utilitarianism is a rational and ethical theory, how utilitarianism involves the regards of factory-farmed animals in ... chastised by utilitarianism; therefore concluding that the consumption of factory-farmed produce is not ethically acceptable. Matheny's first premise behind his argument is explaining ...

• Word Count: 814
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

... explanation of human nature, Hobbes is then able to construct his argument that it is impossible for human beings to live in continual security and peace without an overarching authority to take dominion over what he coins as the commonwealth. His argument can be divided into three principle causes ... that lead to conflict: the unavoidable rise of competition amongst humans, the inherent diffidence or lack of trust in others, and the need to seek glory. To address the first part of his argument, it is necessary to understand Hobbes' reasoning that competition among ... far outweigh the...

• Word Count: 1514
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

... the recognition that every life on this planet has an intrinsic worth, it certainly contradicts the views of anthropocentrism about the natural world. The principle also entails to develop the righteous qualities of peace, sustainability, just and participatory to guarantee people to adhere to fundamental principles of the Earth Charter to perpetrate an ecologically responsible life. With such an understanding ... the preaching of the religion is not actually followed. Just as the future generations will be affected by the contemporary actions, so the natural world is subjugated by human...

• Word Count: 2097
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... is a basic distinction between killing and allowing to die that has metaphysical, moral, and medical implications. The most important distinction that Callahan draws between killing and letting die is metaphysical "and therefore intensely philosophical "in nature. Human beings, he argues, become accustomed as children to see the world primarily as an extension of themselves and to perceive themselves as fundamentally in ... control of every aspect of their existence. This philosophical perception, however, is flawed. Humans are not in control of the universe, and our actions do not alwa...

• Word Count: 952
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... a child, so I have a special nostalgic feeling for it. Microbe Hunters recounts, in an alarmingly bubbly tone replete with exclamation marks, the exploits of the early microbiologists: Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Reed, and others. The author, a longtime bacteriologist at the University of Michigan, manages a view of these great small-game hunters that is both hero-worshipful of their achievements ... and unabashedly gleeful about their human foibles. Here, for instance, is his take on Leeuwenhoek's early life as an apprentice draper: "Think of a present-day scientist getting his trainin...

• Word Count: 397
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... between an employer's interest in having an employee at work to pursue the organization's needs and an employee's need to be away from work to attend to serious family needs that include the serious health condition of the employee, a family member, or the addition of a new child to the employee's family. Family medical leave laws promote ethical human resource decisions because ... they give employers a framework for making decisions that balance important and conflicting needs in an employee's personal life with the needs of the employer. Ongoing application of this framework ... . Fi...

• Word Count: 477
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... infections than older mice. The mechanisms by which some neurons resist Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis to produce a persistent virus infection is not understood. Similarly, it is not understood why mosquitoes and mosquito cell lines often fail to under go programmed cell death upon infection with Sindbis virus. To study cellular genes that modulate the outcome of a Sindbis virus infection in vivo ... subgenomic promoter to drive expression of proteins of interest. This virus vector, together with knockout mice, has allowed us to study the role of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins Bax a...

• Word Count: 376
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... brought to the situation actually occurring? It is also proven that historical facts occur faster and faster within new generations, that is why the great civilization's struggle for colonization lasted for hundreds of years, and present today Irak and Haiti were invaded in less than two years, another example is that now we can ... even if in present we keep on messing a lot of stuff, the incidence crisis of having no evolution at all wouldn't bring progress, comfortability, and our actual situation. Learning about past is not only learning about history, it is also sitting to read "Sel...

• Word Count: 594
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... in life but more importantly I will also have to meet many spiritual prerequisites, I find that preparing myself for the future is very tough because it's not methodical and so I have to attempt to not only alter my mathematical way of thinking but also be more prepared for the uncertainties that I will have to face during my ... of them will probably never come true because the future is an "unreliable backstabber" as the famous Arabic saying goes and so I must learn to live with it and remember only all the things that I have accomplished and not the things that were denied me. My poi...

• Word Count: 521
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... colony countries to broke the bondage from colonial domination for freedom; it is freedom that serve as the leading spirit in the France Reform; and the spirit of liberty has been written as the declaration of human rights into the constitutions. It seem than freedom has been that primary ... goal people trying to obtain, not the restrictions, however, without restrictions and regulations, freedom is nothing but a right to jeopardize the social order. People often claim that they will pursue the goal of freedom in ... freedom with regulations rather than absolute free choice. From the a...

• Word Count: 661
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

... a form of cognition, achieved through taste, touch, hearing, seeing, smell – the whole corporeal sensorium" (Buck-Morss 6). In the 21st century, the development and proliferation of video games has shown the world how pixelated, simulative art can be made into a reality, a phantasmagoria of sorts, by invoking reactions from all the senses in the human body. However, by " ... motor response, thus becoming the circuit that connects the human sense perception to motor response, a circuit that is naturally completed by the external world. They provide us with a sense of sight through the e...

• Word Count: 1089
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... describes the origins of archeology in a more detailed manner and situates individuals within larger context. The other article by Tucker, Shenk, Lernetti et al. and Neil summarizes some of the theoretical challenges that applies to Human Behavioral Ecology, and ways in which evolutionary anthropologists can contribute to solving tough world issues. The third articles summarizes biological mechanisms of primates' ... behavior across across more than 3 decades observing behaviors and performing experiments on primate population. The articles vary ... at trauma evident on the bones to fur...

• Word Count: 708
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... well balanced, even when they are lean. Contemporary hunter-gatherers enjoyed levels of caloric intake that compare favorably with national averages for many countries of the Third World and that are generally above those of the poor in the modern world. Ethnographic accounts of contemporary groups suggest that protein intakes are commonly quite high, comparable to those of affluent modern groups ... members of the civilization. This was not the case. The nutrition of individuals appears often to have declined for any of several reasons: because increasingly complex society placed new b...

• Word Count: 1151
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... of globalization, our world is becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated, depending on continuous innovations in a wide range of political, financial, social and cultural areas, thus requiring more and more educated people, capable of taking part in this developing trans-national culture. This situation is surely accelerated by technological advances, which have transformed our society in the variously described "new knowledge-", "information-" ... essay with a reflection on the fact that the changes in the traditional patterns of life we are experiencing nowadays, require of us a...

• Word Count: 788
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

... the recognition that every life on this planet has an intrinsic worth, it certainly contradicts the views of anthropocentrism about the natural world. The principle also entails to develop the righteous qualities of peace, sustainability, just and participatory to guarantee people to adhere to fundamental principles of the Earth Charter to perpetrate an ecologically responsible life. With such an understanding ... the preaching of the religion is not actually followed. Just as the future generations will be affected by the contemporary actions, so the natural world is subjugated by human...

• Word Count: 2119
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... religious, then we are to be so in our daily minds, in our regular actions and habits, and religion is a daily aspect for most Japanese people. The natural bond between religion and the nation is ancient in Japan. This is a key theme in understanding the world view of a nation's people, because the political context of their religion is just as ... important as the spiritual, sociological, and cultural. As the Japanese religious traditions interacted, the nation changed as a whole, as a unified system, and affected not only everyone, but affected their government, military, and nation, ...

• Word Count: 818
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

... of them the system in which they lived, the ! system of monarchy, of leisurely and privileged gentlefolk_s, of rather despised industrial and trading people and of downtrodden and negligible laborers, and poor and common people, seemed the most stably established way of living that the world has ever seen Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth century, in this period there was no ruling unifying idea in men's minds. ... or ill-used men are the high lights of his long and complicated life-story. And this being the mental disposition of Gibbon and Voltaire, and of the age in which they ...

• Word Count: 2009
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

... non-human primates. In this version, the subject observes an actor watching an object being hidden. A screen is then placed between the object and the actor, preventing them from seeing that another actor is moving the object to a new location. The animal, is however witness to all of this. When the first actor returns they begin to search for the object. The ... with regards to self-awareness, it appears that future research is necessary. One possibility could perhaps involve a focus on newborn babies and animals, and could investigate the differences in self-awareness that they displa...

• Word Count: 2386
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... new method, the fundamental distinction between it and all other literary movements. The essence of realism was social analysis, the study and depiction of the life of man in society, of social relations, the relationship between the individual and society, and the structure of society itself. Realism took the content of all art and literature depiction of the world and human thoughts and feelings and ... made it a principle, thereby rising above the flat and copying of reality and subjective presentation of human nature as a playground of unbridled passions. Realism does ... life, sin...

• Word Count: 3498
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... in the ecosystem; but becomes a problem for humans in the long run, eventually resulting in an ecosystem breakdown. Lands are being devastated continuously, forcing different plant and animal species to promptly adapt to their new surroundings and environments or to become a statistic for extinct species and contribute to the loss of biological diversity. The alteration of the Earth's land is without a doubt increasing abruptly ... has altered our societies to be completely dependant on them. Biological invasion rates have increased over the years due to human activities and land transfo...

• Word Count: 1055
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate