In 1938 a German scientist Hans Spemann proposes a "fantastical experiment" to transfer one cell's nucleus into an egg without a nucleus, the basic method that would eventually be used in cloning. ... Other scientists will eventually use his method to "twin" cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. 1995 Ian Wilmut replicates First's experiment with differentiated cells from sheep, but puts embryo cells into an inactive state before transferring their nuclei to sheep eggs. The eggs develop into normal lambs. ... It involves removing one or more cells from an embryo and encoura...

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However, the parts of the egg cell needed for cell growth and development are left intact. ... The nucleus and the egg cell are placed next to each other, and electrical charges are emitted into them. ... The nucleus would be removed from the cell and transferred to an enucleated egg. ... A type of DNA called mitochondria DNA is not removed from the mother during the fertilization. ... So, it also is left intact in the egg cell for the fertilization. ...

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In the simplest language, cloning is the process in which the DNA from some cell of a body is put by an electrical shock into a female egg cell whose DNA has been removed. Then the egg cell is implanted into a womb, and after that it grows as same as a natural baby does.1 Many scientists think human cloning is a good way for infertile couples and unmarried people to have a child of their own. ... They just need to find a suitable mother and give DNA to her. ... We can get the DNA of great people and clone them. ... Secondly, if human cloning is allowed, there would be many blackmarkets of egg...

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It involves transferring DNA from a person's cell to a genetically blank egg. ... This cell contains the DNA that will make the clone. ... The second cell is an unfertilized egg. The nucleus is removed from the egg so it no longer contains any genetic material or DNA. ... While the somatic cell is in this state, it matches the enucleated egg cell, which simply means the egg has no nucleus. ...

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"To clone any animal, Navara says the first step is to take the DNA out of an egg. DNA is the part of a cell that tells it what to do. Then, scientists inject the DNA from the organism they want to clone into that egg and try to get it to divide and grow into an embryo. ... Gene therapy is currently limited because of inefficient vectors, or viruses that convey new genes into cells. A copy of a defective gene is in every cell of the body" (Hoon 1). ...

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In fact, cloning consist of taking for example the nucleus of an adult cell (containing of course 46 chromosomes) and put it into an egg of another person (the nucleus of this latest person's egg has to be removed). As a result, instead of twenty-three chromosomes prior to the fertilization process, the egg would contain forty-six of the other adult cell donor. The division of the egg produces an embryo, whose cells correspond exactly with those of the donor. ... An egg cannot combine with another egg, and a spermatozoid cannot mix with another spermatozoid. ... As stated earlier, the ...

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From there, a single skin cell (somatic cell) would be removed from either, or both, parents and the nucleus from these somatic cells would then be inserted into the "empty" egg thus fertilizing an egg for development inside a womb like any other conceived egg, but without the emotionally, financially, and physically draining process of other fertility treatments with a much higher predicted success rate. ... In a lesbian couple, the DNA of one mother would be combined with an egg extracted from the other mother figure, fertilizing it and reinserting it into the womb to carry out the...

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It is recommended that the current policy in place be revised to eliminate these loopholes and rewritten to permit human cloning to take place to generate the tissue and cells needed for therapeutic development and research to take place. ... The basic technique used to clone humans and animals, somatic-cell nuclear transfer, involves the insertion of DNA from a somatic cell into an egg which has had its nucleus removed (Appendix A.2). The egg begins to divide and develop into an embryo which is implanted into the uterus of a surrogate female, where it is carried to term and delivered(Appendix...

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An unfertilized egg is then taken out of an adult ewe, and the eggs nucleus, along with its DNA, is sucked out. Thus leaving an empty egg cell that still has the cellular machinery to produce an embryo. The empty egg and the culture of the starved cells are then placed next to each other. An electronic pulse causes the egg and cells to fuse together, and a second pulse is given to start the cell division. ... Although scientists understand most of the cloning processes, how and why the DNA changes once inside the egg remains a mystery. ...

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What Is Cloning There are three types of cloning that exist, reproductive cloning, DNA cloning, and therapeutic cloning. ... When you have a reconstructed egg after somatic cell nuclear transfer has been performed, it is then treated with chemicals or electric current to induce cell division. ... DNA cloning is the process of transferring a DNA fragment to an element such as a bacterial plasmid. ... In 1930 Hans Spemann proposed an experiment that would take the nucleus from a cell of a late stage embryo, a juvenile, or an adult and transplant it into an egg. ... King took a nucleus from ...

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The primary types of cells that are affected by this disease are muscle cells because XYY syndrome weakens the muscles and bones. ... In a normal cell, the nucleus contains 46 chromosomes, 23 from the egg and 23 from the sperm. In contrast, a cell infected with XYY syndrome will have 47 chromosomes in the nucleus, 23 from the egg and 24 from the sperm. ... Chromosomes are made up of two molecules: a protein and a single molecule of DNA. ... Because males with XYY syndrome have an extra chromosome containing extra DNA, there is an error in the DNA code for how the proteins should fold, and the ...

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She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its nucleus removed. ... Scientists can simply take the DNA cells from the part of the body that's infected and take it to a lab to be developed. ... Then scientists remove the nucleus from unfertilized human egg cell and implant it in the cell. Shock the cell to make the cells combine and cause DNA to move back and forth and create the embryo; repeat until there is a sufficient amount of embryos, many...

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"Somatic cell nuclear transfer" refers to the process which the nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed" (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). ... You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then you take the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the reconstructed egg electrically or chemically and try to make it start to divide and become an embryo. You t...

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Scientists believed that once adult cells had differentiated to become skin or eye cells ( Kolata 612). ... "Since the 1970s scientists have been manipulating DNA to create new forms of life, and today it's a growing for-profit business (Gillis616)." ... The procedure called germ-line therapy would allow doctors to alter the genes in any egg or sperm or an embryo that is just days old. ... Someday scientists may be able to introduce DNA hybrid cells into a needy body, where if persuaded to perform as required they could make healthy heart tissue, or even grow new limbs for amputees (...

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The first step in cloning a human would be to replace the haploid nucleus of the host egg with a donor's nucleus containing a full set of genes. Applying an electrical current would then jolt the host egg into beginning growth. If implanted in a surrogate mother, the egg could then continue through its nine-month gestation period. ... A lock of hair taken from a baby book could provide the DNA necessary for cloning their daughter. ... Nonetheless, Advanced Cell Technology is not affected by this ban because it is a private corporation. ...

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Cloning creates the possibility of having a twin or child carrying the exact DNA of another person. ... Cell-based therapy with the fusion of a single nucleus to an egg can treat certain diseases (Andrews, 87). ... When the transfer is made from molecules to cells, the complexity jumps exponentially because molecules can transfer into cells thousands of different ways. ... It would also provide a way safe way for homosexual couples to have children of their own containing each partners DNA. ... "One is vitro fertilization in which the sperm and egg are put together in a lab and surgicall...

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Cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before by increasing efficiency through nuclear transfer (Cohen 6), sperm from the father could be transferred into the mother's egg, thus creating a child. ... Embryonic Stem Cell research is taking a human cell, and basically killing it until there is almost nothing left. Then we take out the nucleus of the cell and implant it into another cell which has no DNA and we "trick" the cell into growing into whatever organ it originated from, just like it was a stem cell, the first basic cell of every o...

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Researchers protected the progress by saying they wanted to use the cloned embryos to harvest stem cells, rather than to create babies. Stem cells can be used to treat an immense amount of diseases, such as: diabetes, strokes, cancer, and AIDS. ... Well cloning allows people to turn any cell into an animal. Instead of injecting DNA into an egg, you can shoot DNA into cells in a petri dish. ...

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Summary of the Issue Cloning captured the public's attention when Scottish scientists startled the world in July of 1996 when they announced the birth of a sheep named Dolly, which they had cloned from the nucleus of an adult mammary cell and a sheep egg. ... Several sperm cells and mature egg cells are gathered from donors at fertility clinics, and are combined in a petri dish using in vitro fertilization procedures to form an embryo. ... "The cells are then coated with an artificial zona pellucida. ... Cancer cells develop at approximately the same phenomenal rate as the embryonic ...

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Cloning Human Beings Can scientists create a genetic duplicate of a human with the exact same DNA as another human? ... Although, twins look alike, they differ in their thoughts, personality, fingerprints, and DNA. ... In cloning "Technicians remove the genetic material from an egg cell and replace it with DNA from a donor, then grow the embryo in a petri dish until it's ready to be implanted, by the same process routinely used in fertilization clinics."" ... This is not the only case; many families are saving the cells of their dead family members in hopes that one day that may be a...

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In humans, the method would start with a single cell - any cell may do - taken from the adult who wants to be cloned. Using an electrical jolt, scientists would fuse the genes from that cell with a specially treated donor egg cell whose own genes had been removed. That cell would be allowed to grow into an embryo in the laboratory. ... Unlike adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells can develop into any one of more than 200 tissues in the body, from insulin-producing cells that may one day treat diabetes to heart cells that may repair cardiac muscles. ... Maybe the whole cloning issue shouldn&#...

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Pro-life advocates define human life as beginning at the moment of conception, while pro-choice supporters claim that once the egg and sperm are united this is just a living organism and not a human life. ... Once the sperm and egg unite, the 23 chromosomes of each are brought together to form one cell with 46 chromosomes. Once this cell with 46 chromosomes is formed, that one cell has all of the DNA, the entire genetic code that makes up a human being. Everything which constitutes a human being is in that one cell from conception on it just takes time to grow and develop. ... Science says tha...

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Well I will let you in on a secret, cloning DNA will not produce an identical person. ... The process of cloning whole organs from a single human cell is feasible. ... Approximately one in six couples have difficulties conceiving, thus cloning would be the ideal solution to a great portion of the world's population; Human embryonic stem cells that are cloned can be utilized to cure fatal diseases, assist in discovering cures, or to save a near-extinct species. ... "Is a microscopic cleaving egg, four days after fertilization, really more important that curing your father's Alzhe...

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What the researchers actually did: they took an unfertilized egg cell from a female sheep and removed the entire DNA (genetic information) from the nucleus that is needed to produce an embryo. ... But this was the first time anybody had made adult mammal genes behave like genes in a fertilized egg. ... The technique would involve taking an unfertilized egg from a human female, removing the nucleus that contains the genetic information, and replacing it with the nucleus from a cell " any cell " of the person to be cloned. This egg, with its new nucleus, is then "tricked" into bel...

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The cloning technique is called somatic cell nuclear transfer, the process used to create "Dolly" the sheep. Her DNA was taken from a single cell from her mother's egg, which is fused with a mammary cell. The fused cell soon develops into an embryo. ... The goal is to create an embryo, which contains special kind of undifferentiated cells called embryonic stem cells. They're so named because specialized cells such as heart, liver or brain cells stem from these undifferentiated cells. ...

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