... have on translation process? In this paper, I will look into these problems by focusing on the translation of English idioms into Chinese, which is always a typical and controversial topic among translators. Two most influential translation theories and their cultural correlations 1.1 Two general translation strategies: domesticating and foreignizing Approaches to cultures involved in translation may be divided into two categories: domesticating ... , it is not difficult for foreignizingly translated text receptors to infer the meanings on the basis of his own cultural background. At the ...

• Word Count: 5510
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... information necessary. Nonverbal language or communication is even harder to depict that spoken words. Aspects such as gesture, body position, facial expression, eye contact, and physical distance all have different variations and meanings across cultures. The ability to understand these cultural complexities is ... a good impression if it is done appropriately. The bow holds more meaning than the American handshake. A slight bow (about 45 degrees) is given upon exchange of the meishi. The knowledge of bowing among Americans can present a situation that can be dangerous. Americans often...

• Word Count: 8160
• Approx Pages: 33
• Grade Level: High School

... rapid development of intercultural communication requires that we see things through others eyes and develop a new way of living together. This universal mindset can only result from competent intercommunication among people of diverse cultures (p.1). Thus the need for effective intercultural communication becomes critical. The consequences of cross-cultural contact have had many benefits. Brislin (1981) suggests that ... , being aware of the personal mannerisms or habits of students from different cultural backgrounds, discussing social behaviour and social taboos between cultures and be...

• Word Count: 2933
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• Has Bibliography

... variable whose value is determined by that of one or more other variables in a function 6. independent variable: a mathematical variable that is independent of the other variables in an expression or function and whose value determines one or more of the values of the other variables 7. Functionalism: a theoretical perspective that interprets each part of society in terms of how ... of the dominant culture Countercultures: subculture created as a reaction against the values of the dominant culture Ethnocentrism: the belief that one's in-group is superior to all out-groups Popular Culture:...

• Word Count: 3175
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... stimulus in the development of a brain that was capable of symboling or articulate speech. The introduction of symboling into primate social life was revolutionary. Everything was transformed, everything acquired new meaning; the symbol added a new dimension to primate existence. An ax was no longer merely a tool with which to chop; it could become a symbol of authority. Mating became marriage ... system subordinated to the welfare of the society as a whole. Exchange or circulation of goods and services must take place in socio-cultural systems where division of labor finds expression i...

• Word Count: 4734
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... as a process whereby an individual positively influences people in an organization or a team to accomplish desired goals and objectives. He also pointed out that although the definitions of leadership could be various; there are some central components which have covered by most definitions. Specifically speaking, leadership ... of Jobs. Like Bill Gates represent Microsoft, Jobs is the representative of Apple. Apple's success comes from the creation of inspire among the industrialization. Jobs is the maker of this light and the strong power of Apple. Apple with Jobs and without Jobs coul...

• Word Count: 2813
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... foundation for exploring the impact of cultural differences on the adoption and diffusion of IT-based innovations such as E-Mail. He describes four dimensions that can be used to distinguish among different cultures: power-distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and individualism. Table 2 lists the four dimensions along with a brief description of each. [Table 2 about here] Effect of Uncertainty ... "the degree to which a medium permits users to experience others as being psychologically present" [14]. Socially-present media, thus, are known for their ability to "transmit informat...

• Word Count: 3589
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... and society. Freaks also oppose conformity and commodity in popular culture. Style of dress and appearance symbolize the need to be different and stand out amongst the masses. Subversive fashion doesn't follow commercial fashion trends or the elite of the fashion world but creates its own trends. Dant ... categories are emphatically opposed in the value systems of most subcultures (Hebdige-132) Commodity is used to express a subculture's identity. Regardless of the meaning attached to the commodity, it is always related to mass-production; so it is difficult for a subculture to maintain a...

• Word Count: 3405
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... greatly needed. Culture. The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. These patterns, traits, and products considered as the expression of a particular period, class, community, or population: Edwardian culture; Japanese culture; the culture of poverty. These patterns, traits, and products considered with respect to a particular category, such as a ... to look at. Culture is a means of sharing beliefs, customs, behaviors, and values. Within a culture maybe a different language than what is spoken ...

• Word Count: 2932
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... that development is anti-culture. This is a very serious judgment against development, i.e. against the Western model of development, as culture is the expression of the spirit of a people, of its experiences lived and transmitted from generation to generation giving it a character distinctly its own. To disregard ... an imperative. Some call this the generation of a counter-culture to facilitate the consciousness towards more humanizing development alternatives. Development as a Problem of Meaning Anthony De Mello, in a book entitled The Song of the Bird, tells of a story of a contented...

• Word Count: 3196
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in skin, color, hair texture, nose shape, head shape, eye color, and etc. that there are no "pure" races. Instead of falling into distinct types that are clearly separate from one another, human characteristics flow endlessly together. Although large group of people can be classified by ... characteristics that distinguish one person from another, ethnicity and ethnic apply to cultural characteristics. Derived from the word ethnos (a Greek word meaning "people" or "nation"), ethnicity and ethnic refer to people who identify with one another on the basis of common ancestry and ... all m...

• Word Count: 4889
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... history. The native language is acquired along with the ways, attitudes and patterns of behaving of the social group, and these ways, attitudes and behaving patterns find their expression through language. In this way, language is an inseparable or integral part of culture, and the medium through which culture is acquired. Recent research revealed that language is ... transmitted. Cultural transmission is one of the important characteristics of human language. A particular language is acquired in a particular cultural setting. Without such a cultural environment, language acquisition is...

• Word Count: 2958
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... in particular how organizations are structured, create an ongoing culture, manage conflict, support or discourage change, adapt to their environment, and distribute power among different stakeholders, a rugby team provides an ideal case study, a real-life laboratory for understanding how individuals relate to each other within the ... uniforms. Essendon FC, like all organizations, is subject to forces that pull it apart as well as those that keep it from falling apart, that encourage change and that try to suppress it, that emphasize the divisions between those with more power and those w...

• Word Count: 2578
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the individual or traits, and personal identity is derived from individual achievement. In contrast, in less individualistic or collectivist societies (Hispanic society), there are many and varied strong connections among people, self-concept is defined with reference to a societal and cultural context, and personal identity is derived through the in-group and its successes (Earley and Gibson, 1998). ... , apparently at the same time (Kaufman, 1991), or even when one treats unplanned interruptions as equal to planned activities (Bluedorn, 1992). Why should managers be concerned about the ...

• Word Count: 2979
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... influx of minorities in the workplace with each group bringing unique perspectives that orient their values and educational expectations. Inasmuch as the cultural perspectives and level of educational success vary among minorities, the challenge will not be insurmountable if organizations do not of assume that all minorities represent a monolithic population. According to Martin (1994), there are three educationally relevant ... the same methods or incentives. Coaching and providing feedback sessions will vary greatly as they are applied to different people. * Informing and involving p...

• Word Count: 3873
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... attention of most citizens of the country. Even with this new continuing growth, the demand for the focus of the culture to be taken out of the capitol and the country's government seemed to fall short and leave the rest of the country disappointed. There was a decree within ... new movement that started in the second half of the 70's which was the long realization process that the cultural sector needed to be rightly distributed among the nation. The first act of the movement was in 1975 when they created a new department called the Ministry of Heritage which dealt with the ... , the mi...

• Word Count: 4030
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by recognising and appreciating cultural and linguistic diversity. The Multicultural policy for Victorian Schools (1997) gives the following objectives for multicultural education: • multicultural education allows students to explore the meaning of culture and how culture operates, share their cultures with each other, and explore that which they share across cultures. Thus multicultural education promotes an "awareness and appreciation" ... were expected to 'keep up'. The teachers explained that they were far too busy to deal with the additional needs of these students. I was ...

• Word Count: 2978
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... on them. Many of them see it as their only way to discovering the world. Meaning that they get to see, hear, and perhaps feel things that they would never feel, had it not been for the media. Hence the expression often used to describe the media, "the window to the world". People feel that they ... I have chosen to focus on are the affects of television. Whether people want to believe it or not, we are affected by the media. There are many people out there who claim that the media has no affect on them, which is just a plain fallacy. Every time, these people buy a can of Pepsi, instead o...

• Word Count: 2756
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

... Global companies must forget the idiosyncratic differences between countries and cultures and instead concentrate on satisfying universal drives." (Levitt, 1983) However, on the other hand, the differences among nations, regions, and ethnic groups in terms of cultural factors are far from distinguishing but become more obvious. There have always been arguments favouring adapted marketing strategies. In 1967 ... marketers should focus on cultural differences only to adjust marketing programs to make them accepted by the consumers in various markets. In contrast, successful marketers shoul...

• Word Count: 2515
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is used expressively in ways that may make the Westerner feel uncomfortable. When it come to verbal communication, the Japanese tend to regard verbal expression as being more about etiquette and good form than about representing true feelings. Unlike the "right to the point" style of the Westerner, ... , according to (James, 2003). The Business Card Business cards are very important in Japan, and an executive who admits that he has run out of cards is an embarrassment to himself and others. Business cards are treated with great respect. To Japanese especially, they reflect the dignity a...

• Word Count: 2911
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... dramas, pop songs and fashions.) This phenomenon leads to the popularity of Korean products and Korean cultures such as Korean dramas, music and entertainers among the young generation of China. Hanliu phenomenon is a big chance for approaching the Chinese fashion market of the largest buying power in the world ... within range and is capable of seeing and or hearing the message. Perception includes the responses made to, such as attention, cognition, comprehension, distortion, and meaning. Integration includes acceptance, rejection, or memory. Action refers to audience purchase behaviors...

• Word Count: 3572
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... the (single) parent homes, or the presence of young parents. These variables are often a part of many youth's childhood development. Harris points out a negative aspect of these variables. "[H]eredity is one of the reasons that parents with problems often have children with problems." (294) This is ... learning? A: One thing that is difficult is language; things get lost in translation. Also awareness of culture must be present. Some can't dress out because it is against their religion." Q: What is the benefit of different cultures? A: Totally different perspectives on things. For examp...

• Word Count: 3460
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... affection by couples, including holding hands, touching, kissing, are still considered impolite and must be done privately. Another issue that is very important is going out for dinner, shopping, and other social events. The man usually pays all the expense. In addition, the man should buying gifts and flowers. By ... they were one's own parents. Attitude toward self in Vietnam is not an individualist trait. Anything a Vietnamese child does, he or she does out of consideration for the welfare of the family, rather than for him or herself. Community roles in most Vietnam place more emphasi...

• Word Count: 3671
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... "Being Indian" is very important in the development of self-identity for American Indian adolescents (Robbins, 2001). For centuries American Indians have been pushed out of their natural habitats onto delineated reservations. Their livelihoods were taken away, catapulting the race into poverty and denying them a sense of purpose. The ... non-Indian lack of knowledge about, and often fear of, anything mystical or Earth-based, it is easy to see why American Natives are among the most underserved in America today. It is easy to see why treatment becomes so difficult. If the American Native...

• Word Count: 2517
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

...  is one of the main mattress manufacturers headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. In addition to eighteen manufacturing facilities in the United States, the company has its products internationally. Simmons ranks third among U.S. mattress manufacturers, with a 15.7 percent market share in 2011(Bartz, 2013). The company was founded in 1870 by Zalmon Gilbert Simmons as a family business. Innovation had always been a ... values that reflected his philosophy of leadership to the Simmons' culture. Eitel believed that the leaders of today must care about their teams because this century's people...

• Word Count: 3108
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate