In 1952 the ANC held a "Defiance Campaign" which was a non-violent way of challenging petty apartheid laws. ... In March 1960 the PAC (Pan-Africanist Congress) held a mass campaign against pass laws. ... This event sent shockwaves through the international community and was condemned by many countries. ... Over the next two years dozen of international companies withdrew investments; including Coca-Cola, IBM, Metal Box, Barclays Bank and General Motors. ... In 1986 petty apartheid laws and law such as the Immorality Act and the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act were abolished. ...

• Word Count: 1336
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography

Early Monday morning, 21st of March 1960, Africans throughout the nation gathered within their towns at the request of Robert Sobukwe, the PAC leader, to protest against the pass laws. The pass laws demanded that every African carry a passport containing information about their employment, criminal record, residential address and areas they are allowed to be in, to name a few. ... "The Commission finds that the police deliberately opened fire on an unarmed crowd that had gathered peacefully at Sharpeville on 21 March 1960 to protest against the pass laws. ... The people of South Africa have sh...

• Word Count: 1663
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The government reacted to internal resistance by passing further repressive laws which caused even more resistance to the apartheid system. ... The repressive laws of the apartheid system introduced and practiced by the white minority National Party government after 1948, certainly made black resistance difficult but not impossible. ... As black resistance grew, the National Party Government took harsh repressive action in the form of violence and new laws. In 1960, the Pan-African Congress leaders organized nationwide peaceful demonstrations against 'pass laws' that restricted indi...

• Word Count: 1075
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Law separated blacks and whites. ... Below are the most important apartheid laws, together with a brief description... For over 40 years, the government resisted both internal and international pressure, before the winds of change started blowing across South Africa. ... In 1986 the pass laws were abolished. ... The crisis got bigger on several areas, somewhat caused by international pressure together with the collapse of the invasion of Namibia. 1.When F.W. de Klerk replaced P.W. ...

• Word Count: 939
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream"" speech in comparison with George Wallace's inaugural address highlights the issue of segregation and seems to imply the philosophical views of the two men with regard to positive verses natural law, a subject's duty to obey the law, how law should or should not be used to promote the common good, the harm to others principle, and the roles paternalism, autonomy, and morality should play in determining the aims of law. ... King implies that until the morally unjust laws cease to be thrust upon generations of Negros they cannot be satisfied...

• Word Count: 2706
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The struggle against apartheid was won in the early 1990's because of international pressure on South Africa and because of black resistance to the oppression. ... During Mandela's incarceration, the United Nations created a special committee against apartheid, the International Olympic Committee banned South Africa from participation in the Olympic games, and the apartheid system was vilified by the international media. ... Although blacks and whites are equal under American law, they are far from being equal socially. ... The treatment is so poor that in 1996 the Uni...

• Word Count: 1377
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

The Civil Rights campaigns and methods of protest were ideal at this time, because of post war disappointment as Americans were displeased with the governments decisions, therefore it was easier to oppose the governments actions, and accuse them of wrong doing, regarding both National and International relations. ... In the time period of 1956 to 1968 there were international activities, such as African states being independent, attempts to end communism in countries such as Cuba, China, and The Soviet Union. ... Concluding, the methods used for fighting for equality only worked because there ...

• Word Count: 675
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Washington became nationally recognized and was invited to speak at the Cotton States and International Opening. ... The Jim Crow laws of the south legally segregated the blacks from the whites. Under these laws, Blacks were discriminated against politically, socially, educationally, and occupationally. ... Dubois's demands for social equality held no defense against the Jim Crow laws. ...

• Word Count: 809
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

Douglass's abolitionist views were not only contained in America, Douglass also spread his word internationally. Since Douglass had manifested his experiences as a slave in his book and had augmented in popularity, he was afraid the Fugitive Slave Laws in America would penalize him, so Douglass travelled abroad to Great Britain. In two years Douglass would reinforce the abolitionist backing internationally, throughout Britain and Ireland. ... Frederick Douglass fought for the equality among all humanity and wrote, "The real question, the all commanding question, is whether American justic...

• Word Count: 1350
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. ... Non-compliance with the race laws was dealt with harshly. ... In 1953, the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act were passed, which empowered the government to declare stringent states of emergency and increased penalties for protesting against or supporting the repeal of a law. ... Wielding the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act, the white regime had no intention of changing the unjust laws of apartheid. ... After a plea from Mandela at the UN in September, r...

• Word Count: 1235
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

In 1920, UNIA held its First International Convention in Madison Square Garden in New York. ... The delegates drew up laws and designed a flag. ... (Haskins 31) UNIA's Sixth International Convention was held in St. ... The main focus of the PPP were: self-government for Jamaica, a minimum wage for workers, land reform, and 8-hour work day, free secondary education, a public library system, encouragement of local industries, protection for nave labor, a law to punish judges who act unfairly, politics, and race. The PPP's law to punish judges who acted unfairly got Garvey into troub...

• Word Count: 1629
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington was known as one of the most influential African Americans of his time. He was born a slave on April 5, 1856 of an unknown white man and a slave mother. He attended school briefly, but mainly worked as a young boy. He entered Hampton Normal and Agricul...

• Word Count: 620
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: High School

Prince Henry the Navigator Prince Henry the Navigator seldom left Portugal, but he helped make it possible for the first Europeans to explore Africa. In Henry's time, the ocean was very dangerous and Africa was a mysterious place that seemed to contain endless miles of sand. Today we know t...

• Word Count: 2251
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: High School

In 1948 South Africa instituted one of the most morally repulsive policies in international history. ... So, with the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized in the South African government. Racially-biased laws touched every aspect of social life, including a prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites, and the sanctioning of ``white-only'' jobs. ... And, rebellion against the race laws was dealt with severely. ... Hiding behind the power of the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act, the white establishment had no in...

• Word Count: 3760
• Approx Pages: 15

Rosa Parks challenged the city bus segregation laws by not surrendering her seat to a white passenger. ... King ...regarded it not only as a personal honor but also as an international tribute to the nonviolent civil rights movement (Fairclough, p. 147). ... As it says in the Bahai writings, Americas peace, prosperity, and even her standing in the international community depend on healing the wounds of Racism... and I believe Rev. ...

• Word Count: 1123
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

This book has been reprinted in New York at International Microfilms Press, 1970. ... This essay is reprinted with permission from Harvard Educational Review, v. 12, no. 2, March, 1942 and is available in Regent University Law Library in Virginia. ... MLA International Bibliography. ...

• Word Count: 2542
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

This book has been reprinted in New York at International Microfilms Press, 1970. ... This essay is reprinted with permission from Harvard Educational Review, v. 12, no. 2, March, 1942 and is available in Regent University Law Library in Virginia. ... MLA International Bibliography. ...

• Word Count: 2542
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

Many minorities face being pulled over by policemen just because of the color of their skin, not because of violating the law. ... (Schencker, Brenner, The Daily Illini) Taylor states, "in constitutional-law parlance, while racial profiling may be presumptively unconstitutional, that presumption is overcome in the case of airline passengers, because the government has a compelling interest in preventing mass-murder-suicide hijackings, and because close scrutiny of Arab-looking people is narrowly tailored to protect that interest. ... However now after the September eleventh attack many Arabs...

• Word Count: 1099
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Weylin whipped Dana for disobeying his authority, enforcing his law and making it known that whoever disobeyed his orders would suffer the consequences. Slave owners believed blacks couldn't hold the ability to own knowledge; therefore, they were restricted to any sort of reading or writing by law. ... Human traffickers have created an international market for the trade in human beings based on high bidders and demand for sex and cheap labor. ...

• Word Count: 1077
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Especially in the South of the U.S. the law did very little to protect blacks. In fact, some laws, called segregation laws, often limited their freedom and discriminated against them. ... These laws grew out of a racist attitude toward blacks. ... Seldom did a court of law convict a white person for harming a black. ... Eisenhower forced the state to obey the law by sending in army paratroopers and the Arkansas National Guard to protect the students. ...

• Word Count: 3558
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Berkman, Ronald Opening the Gates: The Rise of the Prisoners" Movement. Lexington Books: Lexington, Mass, 1979. Bowker, Lee H. Prisoner Subcultures. Lexington Books: Lexington Mass, 1977. ...

• Word Count: 3043
• Approx Pages: 12

Today, this national and international observance has been expanded to encompass the entire month of February. ... Civil rights laws and celebrations such as Black History Month have exposed the legal consequences of overt discriminatory practices and racial harassment. ... However, these revelations have not neutralized the prevalence of prejudicial attitudes which generate discriminatory acts both on a national and in the international arena. Behaviour may be controlled by laws, national and international, but attitudes can only change through education and the elimination of ignorance. ...

• Word Count: 3305
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

In December 1956, the United States of America Supreme Court proclaimed that Alabama's segregation laws were unconstitutional. ... King preached that there were just laws and unjust laws and they had the right to go against the unjust laws. ...

• Word Count: 2369
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: High School

Although Colvin did not break any laws, she was still tried and convicted. ... Houses were still being bombed and the law officers increased harassment on Blacks. ... The boycott also brought national and international attention to the civil rights struggles occurring in the U.S., as more than 100 reporters visited Montgomery during the boycott to profile the effort and its leaders. ...

• Word Count: 1709
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

America was an empire, the alpha in international affairs, both economic and militarily, but now it is an empire on the decline. ... So why hasn't the government put a stop or at least tried to reform drug laws? ...

• Word Count: 1369
• Approx Pages: 5