... reconstructed. During excavation work and building of the memorial was found more than 1,000 museum objects, the remains of the dead. On September 18, 1971 under the three-tiered granite slab memorial the remains of 823 people who died in the defense of the fortress in June-July 1941 were reburied. Some of them were moved from the Garrison cemetery where they were buried between 1945 ... 8 108 units of storage in funds. The 20 anniversary of the heroic defense of the Citadel over the Bug became one of significant events of 1961. The first meeting of Brest fortress defenders was held. Mor...

• Word Count: 9116
• Approx Pages: 36
• Grade Level: High School

... others. Upon Gleb's return to his hometown, the narrator describes, "In Gleb's heart-swollen and throbbing-he heard the mountains and the quarries, the smoke stacks and the dwellings the factory Diesel engines the revolving cylinders in the furnace room" (Gladkov 3). Gleb's fond memories of the factory in the early paragraphs of the novel suggest his passion; indeed, the industry seems to be a living, essential ... that provokes her to seek survival in the upheaval of the revolution. By listening to her story, Gleb is able to comprehend why Dasha has changed so radically and to uncover ...

• Word Count: 3036
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... did not. The group was poorly trained and badly equipped; even their maps were out of date. They were outnumbered by almost 300 to 1 and within three days the invaders were either dead or in prison. The results of the Bay of Pigs were the opposite of what the CIA had intended ... . Firstly, Castro became more popular because of how easily the Cuban army had defeated the invaders. Source C1 is a primary source because ... it is a speech made by Fidel Castro at the funerals of the Cubans killed in the Bay of Pigs. What he is saying is that what the ... us exactly what Kennedy wanted, as i...

• Word Count: 2876
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... and British Intelligence prompted two coups in August 1953. The first attempt failed and the Shah, fearing a backlash from Dr Mussadiq's supporters, fled the country. The second attempt, however, which followed a week later and left three hundred dead on the streets of Tehran, was successful and the Shah was reinstated at the head of a military government with pronounced Western sympathies. American intervention in Iran ensured a pro-western government ... and removed the possibility of Iran coming under the influence of the Soviet Union. However, it also deeply ... ...

• Word Count: 2854
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of the Chinese army had entered the war and communist forces had pushed the Americans back below the 38th parallel once again."" Little success followed the assistance of the Chinese, and a stalemate dragged on until 1953, resulting in 140,000 American dead and wounded. The Korean War escalated at a time of "rising insecurity about America's position in the world and intensified anxiety about communism."" The 1950s were the climax of the anti ... -communist hysteria, and made possible the rise of one of the most important political figure of this time. Joseph McCarthy, an undistinguished...

• Word Count: 2810
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... did not. The group was poorly trained and badly equipped; even their maps were out of date. They were outnumbered by almost 300 to 1 and within three days the invaders were either dead or in prison. The results of the Bay of Pigs were the opposite of what the CIA had intended ... . Firstly, Castro became more popular because of how easily the Cuban army had defeated the invaders. Source C1 is a primary source because ... it is a speech made by Fidel Castro at the funerals of the Cubans killed in the Bay of Pigs. What he is saying is that what the ... us exactly what Kennedy wanted, as i...

• Word Count: 2739
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

... engaged in World War II and afterwards in 1945, he married Eva Braun just before committing suicide in the ruined Reichs chancellery. He was officially declared dead on October 25th, 1956. Throughout his reign, Hitler followed and enforced his beliefs and policies. He commenced the idea of National Socialism. In order to have a national socialist government guidelines to follow were needed. Therefore, Hitler ... was on his deathbed, His two possible predecessors were told to hold a bird and not let it go. The first man held the bird tightly so it wouldn't fly away and when he opened his...

• Word Count: 3043
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... go through the gates of the military hospital then detonated the explosives at about 7 p.m. (1500 GMT), on August 3, 2003. It was not positive how many people were killed and how many were injured. There were many reports, and the reports were conflicting saying as many as 35 had been killed. The emergency Situations Minister Boris Dzgoyev told the Associated Press that 27 people were dead and 76 ... injured. Many of the injured were soldiers recovering from wounds sustained in Chechnya. Another bombing in September was blamed on ... in City of Tver- Sept. 2003 URL: http://www.clearhar...

• Word Count: 4632
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... that would continue throughout his life, even during his marriage. His health problems persisted, as well. He had stomach trouble, was far too thin, and failed physicals for both the army and the navy. But again, his father's connections prevailed, and a friendly doctor gave JFK a clean bill of health. JFK was sworn in as a naval ensign on September 25, 1941, less ... easily on June 17, 1946. The fall election was a formality--JFK swept past the Republican candidate, and in January of 1947 entered Congress as the "gentleman from Massachusetts." The political landscape was changing when...

• Word Count: 8348
• Approx Pages: 33
• Grade Level: High School

... , peace seemed within range with amnesty being given to the arrested activist and the idea of limiting presidential power seemed realistic. However, after the parliament voted against limiting powers, the flames of revolution grew and the violence intensified. Beginning on February 20th, a two day period of violence erupted on both sides leaving an estimated hundred dead and hundreds injured according to health ministry in Kiev3. In ... the late month of February, after escalating tensions within the nation of Ukraine and pressure from the EU, President Yanukoych resigned his power to th...

• Word Count: 3290
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... position of Poland's border with Germany and the amounts of war reparations that Germany should pay the USSR. The Soviet Union narrowly escaped defeat during WWII - human and material losses were enormous (20 million dead). Many of the agreements led to post-war differences. In Germany the division of Berlin and the disagreements over the reparations payments led to the "Berlin Blockade". United States and Soviet Union clashed over ... the foreign policies in Poland and South Eastern Europe: the US wanted to apply the principles of the "Atlantic Charter"; the USSR needed s security netw...

• Word Count: 3287
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... she gave birth to Stalin's first son: Yakov. Stalin later said: "This creature softened my stony heart. She is dead and with her have died my last warm feelings for all human beings." In December 1905 Stalin and Lenin met for the first time, at a Bolshevik conference in Finland. Stalin was highly unimpressed by Lenin at their first meeting. He expected ... and Japan, Stalin reverted increasingly to traditional forms of foreign policy, seeking diplomatic alliances with the European powers. Thus in January 1932 the Soviet leader signed a non-aggression Pact with Finland, the constant oppon...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the four basic freedoms (Johnson, 140). The 20th century showed almost every independent country in the world, with a few exceptions, executing some sort of democracy in will if not in practice. Democracy has spread throughout the world and is practiced in many countries, but in each of those countries it is different (Johnson, 164). There are many western newspapers that are saying communism is dead ... and disappearing from the world. On the contrary, communism is very much alive and spreading through the world, not in large rebellions as Marx predicted, but in small factions. This is...

• Word Count: 5440
• Approx Pages: 22

... this history, and force new conclusions. This is seen in Bill Brugger's China, Liberation and Transformation in which he laments the out datedness of an earlier book, Contemporary China, before it was published: By the time the book appeared, Mao Zedong was dead, the "Gang of Four" had been arrested and China's leaders were engaged in a total reassessment of developmental strategy By 1979 new ... evidence had been published to support the reversal of historical verdicts on a whole series of incidents If one carried the rules of evidence to the optimum, scarcely anything about China woul...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that surrounded the Bolshevik government during 1917 within the Jewish population, quickly passed with the impending civil war, which would last until 1921. Few Russian Jews were not to be affected by the war, massive pogroms in the Ukraine alone left over 200,000 dead (6). By 1921 the overwhelming poverty of the Jewish population forced the Soviet government to take action. The "normalization" of the Jewish ... population was proposed in a response to further integrate Jews into the socialist economy and society. Jews involved in commerce and retail ... also very evident (13). It was a...

• Word Count: 3032
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... arbitrary rule, spurred a challenge both to the ideological foundations of communism and to the legitimacy of the Soviet state. By the end of 1991, the resulting political struggle had led to the collapse of the Soviet Communist Party and the dissolution of the USSR (Foreman 23). The relationship of this first Communist state with the rest of the world was consistently troubled. To the West, a Communist government always appeared ... the middle of the 20th century, every independent country in the world, with only a few exceptions, had a government that, in form if not in practice, embod...

• Word Count: 6851
• Approx Pages: 27
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... she gave birth to Stalin's first son: Yakov. Stalin later said: "This creature softened my stony heart. She is dead and with her have died my last warm feelings for all human beings." In December 1905 Stalin and Lenin met for the first time, at a Bolshevik conference in Finland. Stalin was highly unimpressed by Lenin at their first meeting. He expected ... and Japan, Stalin reverted increasingly to traditional forms of foreign policy, seeking diplomatic alliances with the European powers. Thus in January 1932 the Soviet leader signed a non-aggression Pact with Finland, the constant oppon...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... weaken the front, and secondly deprive enemy of arms, equipment, and supplies. The most permanent way of draining the enemy's manpower is by killing. And it was estimated that during the first two years of partisan warfare, there were no less than 300,000 German casualties. However, the damage inflicted on the German Army by the partisans cannot solely be assessed by the number of dead and ... wounded, and the supplies destroyed. Immeasurable loss of battle efficiency and striking power are also accounted for. If a soldier is fighting in a country where every civilian is a potential ......

• Word Count: 2793
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... "developed" among communist political economies (CPEs), if only the symptoms of its disease had advanced furthest. For the first-time visitors in the 1970s and the 1980s, the dinginess of the streets, the cramped housing, the lack of palatable food in the shops, the sallow complexions of the inhabitants, the smoke-filled skies, all looked familiar. The more literary-minded may have thought of the Bleak House: there was indeed a more than passing resemblance ... privately owned, market-coordinated economies to be incomparably more robust and dynamic than Marx and his contemporaries dream...

• Word Count: 5382
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... what degree is the character of the Russian economy shaped by the political changes which have taken place in that country since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991? The paper will also include a brief overview of Russia's economic status. Following the repercussion of the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the imperialist bourgeoisie, its ideologies and petty bourgeois hangers-on were triumphant, claiming that communism was dead, over and ... done with and that Marxism-Leninism was a thing of the past. An ideology irrelevant to the needs of modern society, and that capitalism alone cou...

• Word Count: 3517
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... an American courtroom, sir, and therefore I do not wish to answer a question that it put to me in a fashion in which a prosecutor puts questions." As Stevenson replied "You are in the courtroom of world opinion right now and you can answer yes or no. You have denied that they exist and I want to know whether I have understood you correctly," it became ... , and caused Soviet fighters to try to intercept the plane. U.S. fighters, equipped with nuclear-tipped weapons, escorted the aircraft back to safety (Finkelstein 92). Later on in the day, a U-2 spy plane that had been operating a routi...

• Word Count: 2834
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography

... would become a serious potential victim. The victims were tortured until they confessed ridiculous crimes and until they denounced fake accomplices. They were charged with every conceivable crime and if they confessed what Stalin wanted to hear, he promised the saving of the victim's family although once dead, he did not keep those promises. Stalin distrusted everyone, around him and had no scruples about using ... violence as the killing did not happen behind his back as some thought with the Kirov murder: all the evidence seem to show that he organised it and blamed others ... to the...

• Word Count: 2709
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate