... from the varying situations. It can be seen that the Bolsheviks, although conclusive in their thoughts often determined their philosophy was not always the most effective. The first period of Soviet foreign policy was strictly ideological, where their actions were determined by their aspirations instead of practicality. Its aim was world communism; all countries becoming communist beginning ... bread rations" (Julius Braunthal) however "with strikes alone you can't compel an imperialist government to sign revolutionary peace proposals" (Otto Bauer). Also during this period was the intro...

• Word Count: 1433
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... controlled by the government. All private ownership ended. A mass program of industrialization was commenced, and the strength of the Soviet Military was substantially increased. The citizens during this period endured great hardship. Agricultural production output diminished resulting in food shortages, these shortages were enha! nce by the mass exportation of food, this was done to pay for ... the head of the party, and Khrushchev condemned Stalin's actions as unnecessary and harmful to the process of moving the Socialist government to it's goal of pure Communism. During this period th...

• Word Count: 3016
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in the construction of historical writings and of popular opinion against Mao and his Cultural Revolution. Roderick MacFarquhar's Origins of the Cultural Revolution 1 , as the leading volume dealing with this period in the 70's, represents earlier interpretations of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. OCR is written before Mao's death in 1976, and prior to the reversal of the depictions of major protagonists ... that "(the Cultural Revolution) produced a civil strife that provoked the most crucial disasters for the Party, the Government and the People" . However, rather than Mao, the real c...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of his life in London. In England Marx devoted himself to study and writing and to efforts to build an international communist movement. During this period he wrote a number of works that are regarded as classics of communist theory. These include his greatest work, Das Kapital (volume 1, 1867; ... . It produces also the premature exhaustion and death of this labour-power itself. It extends the labourer's time of production during a given period by shortening his actual lifetime. But the value of the labour-power includes the value of the commodities necessary for the reproduction of th...

• Word Count: 5258
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... controlled by the government. All private ownership ended. A mass program of industrialization was commenced, and the strength of the Soviet Military was substantially increased. The citizens during this period endured great hardship. Agricultural production output diminished resulting in food shortages, these shortages were enha! nce by the mass exportation of food, this was done to pay for ... the head of the party, and Khrushchev condemned Stalin's actions as unnecessary and harmful to the process of moving the Socialist government to it's goal of pure Communism. During this period th...

• Word Count: 3136
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... no need for a dictatorship to rule, because that would create a distinction in class. Lenin on the other hand fervently felt that the proletariat dictatorship would last for an indefinite period of time. "While Marx had treated the dictatorship of the proletariat as a transitory feature of a transitional phase, Lenin (even before October 1917) regarded it as the dominant ... institution of a prolonged stage."" He went even further by stating ""that the dictatorship of the proletariat would be necessary "for the entire historical period which separates capitalism society from classless so...

• Word Count: 1739
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... used such institutions and the struggles for authority between rivalries, factions, and agencies of government. Along with obscure definition and focus, Bailyn argues that, "Politics in the colonial period is a subject peculiarly difficult to locate within the broader dimensions of American history. Just as governmental institutions in pre-Revolutionary America were part of a larger grouping of institutions ... political achievements. But the critics of the government still condemned the officials as corrupt "Robinarchs" who coveted power above all else. Both sides of oppositional litera...

• Word Count: 2349
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... major results. First, after the failure to negotiate a post war treaty acceptable to the U. S. Congress followed by the United States' refusal to participate in the League of Nations, the U.S. entered a period of isolationism. Affairs in Europe remained unsettled. The lack of involvement by the United States in the settlement of the postwar issues contributed to the causes of World War II ... cumulative effect of these conditions would lead to an unequal distribution of wealth and set the stage for the Great Depression. The economic implications of the Civil War and postwar period, howe...

• Word Count: 914
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... represented in the Bolshevik and Menshevik wings of the Social Democratic Labor party.The Russian Revolution The revolution was the culmination of a long period of repression and unrest. From the time of Peter I (Peter the Great), the czardom increasingly became an autocratic bureaucracy that imposed ... represented in the Bolshevik and Menshevik wings of the Social Democratic Labor party. The Russian Revolution The revolution was the culmination of a long period of repression and unrest. From the time of Peter I (Peter the Great), the czardom increasingly became an autocratic bureaucracy...

• Word Count: 1850
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Principles but he did not take up this opportunity. It showed he "lacked the ruthlessness that marks a true revolutionary." Others believe that this period where Sun was not involved in politics and the revolution was halted shows how much Sun's revolutionary antics were need in China. It was ... the ideals which Sun Yatsen had proclaimed would remain stillborn unless Sun and supporters could establish a real position of strength in China. This period in time though showed how he never gave up on the revolution and the establishment of his Chinese Revolutionary Party to fight back agains...

• Word Count: 2095
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... stage of the war France - increasingly reflect the new balance of power in the world. Neither Britain nor France, nor even, defeated Germany could not play in the post-war period of the previous role of the guarantor of balance and stability on the European continent. The international prestige of the United States and the Soviet Union, extraordinarily increased by the ... on force to spread its influence in the outside world. Terms of manifestations of such activity qualitatively changed when in the arsenals of some countries acquiring nuclear weapons. From this period of nuclear weapo...

• Word Count: 4151
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... big bang or shock therapy approach implements various reforms on (monetary policy, privatization, trade and exchange rates etc.) quickly, whereas the gradualist approach spreads various reforms over an extended period of time. There are several arguments in support of big-bang approach to various types of reform. First, in the context of privatization, a big-bang approach provides a critical ... of planned and market economy to a socialist market economy. In Vietnam, economic reforms started in 1986 and they resembled very much Gorbachev-type marginal reforms in the same period. Vietnames...

• Word Count: 2154
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Communism, at its most idealistic base, is a contingent of gown up responsible people that have free access to information and can therefore self govern, except for the transitional period required for the establishment of the required infrastructure. In this light, it would seem that communist countries would be on the forefront of environmental progress, for they are on a path ... far beyond its borders, no longer could it count on anyone but itself. 1989 was the beginning of the "Special Period."" With hindsight, the most important conceptual aspect revealed by the national economy betwee...

• Word Count: 3463
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... addition, each one of these systems in which the rich were in control and there was no social and economic equality has destroyed itself either quickly or over an extended period of time. Marx and Engels thought no different of the capitalist system. To them it would destroy itself as others had throughout history. In their theory, the more productive that ... communist theory, capitalism would collapse with the rebellion of the poor. The oppressed would raise up against the wealthy few and pave the way for the brief period of proletarian dictatorship. After this period the people would...

• Word Count: 5440
• Approx Pages: 22

... was over the communist party took over the Manchu's place as rulers of China. Mao was the leader of the communist party. During the Manchu period, if a crime was committed and you were innocent it would not matter because you were automatically guilty of the crime. During the Manchu ... period, the women were treated like they were slaves and the husband did not look at them as a person. The women's roles were to be ... always believed in what Confucius was trying to teach and also what he believed in. Confucian philosophies are based on his ideas of education and meritocracy. During t...

• Word Count: 845
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... of International Relations after the World War II era- with the emergence of many new independent countries, and especially after the cold war period- in the pursuit of seeking correlation between instability or conflict in some regional systems with that of ethnic elements of those regional systems. ... could not avoid the vindictiveness of those and was assassinated a few years later. Another civil war, mainly because of power struggle occurred during this period (680-694), in which Alis son Hussein was killed by Muawiyyas son and successor named Yazid at Karbala in Iraq. b) Economic Wa...

• Word Count: 1928
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... from Europe during the war. Iriye goes on to say that if Japan had not been so blatantly aggressive to China for such an extended period of time, the economic ties that might have developed might have resulted in a much different balance of power both between the countries and between ... comment that while Japan was militarily superior to China, China was by far much more of an economic power during the majority of the time period discussed. The second section of the book is on culture and extends from WWI to WWII. Iriye chooses to say that while the military focus ... well. Several J...

• Word Count: 1826
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... passive rumbling dissent, there were occasional violent and active shows of opposition to communist rule. The states of Eastern Europe in the post-war period had been forced to adhere to the Moscow line. After 1956 however, with Khrushchev's new approach to Socialism and his denunciation of Stalin, ... 1967 they, along with 60 other countries, signed the first international treaty providing for the peaceful exploration of outer space. (17) In the 1970's a period of Détente began. In 1970 West Germany and Poland signed a treaty rejecting the use of force. West Germany and Russia ratified...

• Word Count: 5545
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... passive rumbling dissent, there were occasional violent and active shows of opposition to communist rule. The states of Eastern Europe in the post-war period had been forced to adhere to the Moscow line. After 1956 however, with Khrushchev's new approach to Socialism and his denunciation of Stalin, ... 1967 they, along with 60 other countries, signed the first international treaty providing for the peaceful exploration of outer space. (17) In the 1970's a period of Détente began. In 1970 West Germany and Poland signed a treaty rejecting the use of force. West Germany and Russia ratified...

• Word Count: 5545
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... passive rumbling dissent, there were occasional violent and active shows of opposition to communist rule. The states of Eastern Europe in the post-war period had been forced to adhere to the Moscow line. After 1956 however, with Khrushchev's new approach to Socialism and his denunciation of Stalin, ... 1967 they, along with 60 other countries, signed the first international treaty providing for the peaceful exploration of outer space. (17) In the 1970's a period of Détente began. In 1970 West Germany and Poland signed a treaty rejecting the use of force. West Germany and Russia ratified...

• Word Count: 5545
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... offered more freedom was a characteristic of this time. This transforming of the status of the worlds people is historically significant in that it was the period of transition from the "Old World Order" to the "New World Order. Twentieth century - when it began and ended historically The twentieth century ... communist system. Fascism having been defeated with the end of World War II, the end of Soviet communism marked the triumph of democracy. This period of time is historically significant as it spaned over the death of the "Old Order" and the following battle between fascism, communi...

• Word Count: 2597
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

The Cold War is a time period from approximately 1945-1990, when the United States of America and the Soviet Union rose up as the world's superpowers. The origins of the ... and the temporary solution of the German Problem' with the division of Germany into two separate states. The global situation in the post-World War Two time period therefore established the necessary tension for the Cold War to begin. Other factors which contributed to the origins of the Cold War include that the United States ... in any conflict that they had some interest in, and the Cold War effectively spread througho...

• Word Count: 2699
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography

The Chinese Cultural Revolution, a period marked by struggle, destruction, and communism, serves as a major blemish on the People's Republic of China. No greater was this disaster felt than on those who experienced it first hand- ... news (58). A brainwashed China is made clear when Heng travels to Peking to see Chairman Mao. After making a speech the Chairman goes down to the crowd and shakes hands for a period of time. The crowd's obsessive love for Mao is so strong that those fortunate enough to shake his hand turned to others and shook their hand, hoping to "transfer the ... his followe...

• Word Count: 706
• Approx Pages: 3

... parties were created after a short time and were formed from the coalitions that were responsible for bringing down Communism. In Czechoslovakia during the period between the First and Second World Wars there was also a democracy. During the interwar period there was a multiparty political system. There were five major parties at the national level, known as the Petka. These parties were the Social ... its appeal in the Czech Republic. The SPR-RSC is a far right wing party. Those who are fearful or disgruntled by the disruptions, which were caused by the post-Communist period, support t...

• Word Count: 2495
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

BRECHT Bertolt Brecht lived through a period of European History which witnessed massive economic, political and social upheavals. He saw the carnage of two world wars, the destruction of empires through revolutions in Austria, Germany, Hungary and ... Russia, the surfacing of mass communist and fascist movements throughout Europe, the misery of the third Reich, the division of Germany and the cold war. Germany's second Reich, the period in which Brecht was born, was a very turbulent time. It was a episode in history whose social, economical and political pressures influenced many artists and...

• Word Count: 349
• Approx Pages: 1