On September 24, 1965, he issued an executive order numbered 11246 at Howard University. ... Among this is included the University of California system. ... During the first year that this policy known as proposition 209 went into effect, the University of California Berkeley Boalt Law School reported a drastic drop. ... Another increase was the percentage of women who earned bachelors degrees from the University of California. ... The University of California Riverside only accepted 54% of the women who applied to their school, while California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Ob...

• Word Count: 1910
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The University of Michigan has received a great deal of publicity with the lawsuits concerning racial discrimination. ... Bollinger involving University of Michigan's law school, and Grotz vs. ... The cases filed at the University of Michigan have demonstrated the intensity that affirmative action has on today's social _____. This has gained a massive amount of support for and against the policy at the University of Michigan. ... Supreme Court to rule recently in favor of the University in saying that colleges and universities had compelling educational reasons for seeking a diver...

• Word Count: 1980
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"In 2003 in two cases involving the University of Michigan, the Court ruled that the university could not use racial quotas or a point system to boost minority enrollment in its undergraduate school, but in a companion case it ruled that the law school could take into account race in vaguer ways to ensure academic diversity"" (Warshal, 1). ... Opposition towards affirmative action grew after Regents of the University of California v. ... The Court held in a closely divided decision that race could be one of the factors considered in choosing a diverse student body in university admissions deci...

• Word Count: 1348
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The most famous up until recently was the 1978 Regents of the University of California v. ... President Bush surprisingly took a public stance against the university and instructed the solicitor general Ted Olsen to submit a brief opposing the university. ... In 1978 the Supreme Court agreed to hear Regents of the University of California v. ... Allan Bakke decided to apply to the University of California's Medical School in 1973. ... One of the University of Michigan's lawyers made the comment that "the military academies are not different from the University of Michigan: They d...

• Word Count: 1778
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Laws have also broadened affirmative action to public universities as well as businesses. ... However, the Supreme Court ruled in Regents of the University of California v. ... Thus minorities expect to get their way more often because their loss could be devastating for the company or university. ... Two other prominent states have or are considering laws affecting admissions in universities. After a Federal appeals court threw out the University of Texas' admission system favoring minorities in 1996, Texas passed a state law guaranteeing the top 10 percent of graduates from every Texas ...

• Word Count: 2072
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Affirmative action policy in professional and university atmospheres was first implemented by an initiative in the Department of Labor under the administration of Richard Nixon as to purposely create equal educational and employment opportunities. ... However, actions taken so far can only be considered to be reverse discrimination which, instead of producing equality in the workplace or university setting, creates a tension charged environment. ... State of Texas, four students claimed that they were denied admittance to the University of Texas law school in 1992 because of their race, while ...

• Word Count: 2038
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Affirmative action policy in professional and university atmospheres was first implemented by an initiative in the Department of Labor under the administration of Richard Nixon as to purposely create equal educational and employment opportunities. ... However, actions taken so far can only be considered to be reverse discrimination which, instead of producing equality in the workplace or university setting, creates a tension charged environment. ... State of Texas, four students claimed that they were denied admittance to the University of Texas law school in 1992 because of their race, while ...

• Word Count: 2038
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Another topic dealing with reverse racism and affirmative action is how colleges now are accepting minorities into their universities because of just that, they are minorities. Linda Chavez, the head of the Center for Equal Opportunity, conducted a study on universities accepting African Americans instead of not only Caucasians but all other minorities, accepting African Americans not for their intellectual excellence or merit but the color of their skin. ... At the University of Michigan Law School, the way that they accept students is a point system. ... It is almost like the universities ha...

• Word Count: 1282
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

There are many instances where universities will accept particular students over others because of race being factored into their decision. ... In nineteen seventy-eight, there was a court case concerning affirmative action known as Regents of the University of California v. ... Allan Bakke, a student who failed to get into the University of California at Davis, sued the school for having what he considered an unlawful admissions process. ... So what exactly does "plus " mean when referring to one's race in the eyes of a university? ... If affirmative action is considered constitutional u...

• Word Count: 2129
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Source D points out, "Schools and universities provided many of America's desegregation battlegrounds. ... In this court case, a white female named Abigail Fisher applied to the University of Texas, but was denied admission. She attributed this denial to the university's affirmative action policy and the fact that minority students with worse grades were being admitted and eventually took her claim to court. Although she had good grades, she felt that the university had chosen to admit a less qualified minority student in her place. ... "The state of Texas replaced its affirmative...

• Word Count: 1270
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Problem Joseph Yeado, a researcher for the Education Trust, reports that according to the US Department of Education, in the past 3 years, more blacks and Hispanics have enrolled at 4-year universities and the graduation rates have risen to 40 percent for blacks and 51 percent for Hispanics across the country. ... This policy was also implemented in schools and universities when considering admission. ... Stony Brook University has been noted in several articles for their significant increases in graduation rates from 2010-2011, from 58.1 percent to 66.5 percent for Hispanics, which is sli...

• Word Count: 1872
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Affirmative action, enforced at universities and in various occupations, appears unfair and unequal to middle-class, white Americans. ... In 1971, the landmark Supreme Court ruling in University of California Reagents v. Allan Bakke stated that fixed quotas could not be set for minority applicants to a college or university while simultaneously denying white applicants a chance to compete for these places. However, the Supreme Court did maintain that colleges and universities might consider race as a factor in deciding admission. ... Since colleges, universities, and employers view race o...

• Word Count: 1695
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Affirmative action, enforced at universities and in various occupations, appears unfair and unequal to middle-class, white Americans. ... In 1971, the landmark Supreme Court ruling in University of California Reagents v. Allan Bakke stated that fixed quotas could not be set for minority applicants to a college or university while simultaneously denying white applicants a chance to compete for these places. However, the Supreme Court did maintain that colleges and universities might consider race as a factor in deciding admission. ... Since colleges, universities, and employers view race o...

• Word Count: 1695
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This decision allowed the University to continue to use race as a determining factor in their selection of students, so long as it wasn't the sole determining factor. ... This was, however, a lukewarm reaffirmation of universities' interest in achieving and maintaining racial diversity. ... " In making its case to a court, he said, "the university receives no deference." The Fifth Circuit's mistake, the court said, lay in "deferring to the university's good faith in its use of racial classifications[Gre14].... The University would have to provide somethi...

• Word Count: 2365
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Jeb Bush of Florida put an end to affirmative action in his state's university admissions. ... A study done in 1997 for the University of Wisconsin-Madison is a good example of how affirmative action policies have failed and are meaningless due to the number of academically unprepared black students that were entering the university system. Ultimately, the university failed to reach their "enrollment, retention, and graduation goals for Black students" due to the lack of well qualified black students attempting to enter the university. ...

• Word Count: 1573
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Therefore, in situations like job and university applications, we should consider minorities to be as less likely a choice for hire as a white male candidate. ... An example is the admission practices at the University of California at Berkeley. A 1995 report released by the university said that "9.7 percent of all applicants were African-Americans. ...

• Word Count: 2152
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

At Brown University, for example, "administration took action to ensure that the percentage of qualified Asian American applicants would not fall below the percentage of qualified non-Asian applicants admitted" (Feagin, 450). The problem with this statement is similar to that of another university's policy. At the other university, "administration promised a 20 percent minority-student enrollment in a state where the percentages of minority high school graduates is only 16 to 17 percent (Glazer, 60). So, in order to make their goal, students would be brought to the university who "coul...

• Word Count: 1660
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

For example, a white applicant from a poor town somewhere in the south United States may have more to offer an Oregon public university, such as Oregon State University, or even Southern Oregon University than a non-white applicant from the downtown Portland. ...

• Word Count: 1300
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• Has Bibliography

While Rich's essay is a commencement speech for graduates of Smith college for women, hooks' essay reflects on her personal experiences as a young black woman from a small town who was educated at a prestigious university. ... I am a minority, half Cuban and half American, and, despite that fact, I have graduated from a well-known private school and I am now attending the also well-known, University of Georgia. ... While Adrienne Rich writes mainly about gender discrimination, bell hooks talks about how her life has changed since she attended a multi-racial university. ...

• Word Count: 1284
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

Consequently, the Equal Employment Act of 1972 forced colleges and universities to admit members of minorities in greater numbers, especially in professional and graduate schools. ... In 1978 Regents of the University of California v. ... Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled against the University of Texas, deciding that its law school's policy of considering race in the admissions process was a violation of the Constitution's equal-protection guarantee. ...

• Word Count: 1414
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In my context, I will look at the one done in schools and universities (Halimm, 241). ... The problem was experienced in the Texas when a white missed a course within the university due to the preferences which are given to the races; the student sued the board and the court scheduled to hear the case, there was an appeal which was written to bring to an end the issue of the affirmative action in all the higher learning institutions. ... The student had proof that she was more qualified than the minority groups who had been preferred to her into the University of Texas (Brunner). ...

• Word Count: 1256
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

At the University of Texas Law School a minority admissions program is set aside for blacks and Mexican-Americans. ... Stanford University sponsored a program to reward its departments for hiring more minority faculty. ... In another case James Robb states," The use of foreign citizens to fill minority slots may be most prevalent in university faculties and in hi-tech fields. ...

• Word Count: 1269
• Approx Pages: 5

RACIAL INEQUALITY IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM AND WORKPLACE Sixty-five percent of Americans oppose race as a factor in admissions decisions to public universities. ... Studies have shown that affirmative action harms Historically Black Colleges and Universities and produces a low minority retention rate[Tur03]. ... After the University of Michigan was forced to abolish its undergraduate points system, the number of minorities applying to the school declined by 23%, and the number of minorities being accepted to the school declined by 30%. ...

• Word Count: 1760
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Bakke held that the Constitution forbids public universities and other government agencies to use rigid racial quotas but does not forbid the use of race as a "factor- among others. ... University admissions are an all-or-nothing proposition: You're either admitted or you're not. ... Knowing this- companies, universities, and other institutions should have a guideline on where to set the boundaries. ...

• Word Count: 1755
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

One major incident that has occurred is that of Matthew Sheppard, a homosexual student at the University of Wyoming. ... Therefore, in situations like job and university applications, we should consider minorities to be as reasonable a choice for hire as a white male candidate, taking into consideration their background. ...

• Word Count: 1254
• Approx Pages: 5