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Cloning


            A clone is a group of organisms that are genetically identical.
             Most clones result from asexual reproduction, a process in which a new.
             organism develops from only one parent. The one process of cloning, called.
             nuclear transfer, replaces the nucleus of an immature egg with a nucleus.
             from another cell. Most of the work with clones is done from cultures. An.
             embryo has about thirty or forty usable cells but a culture features an.
             almost endless supply. When the nucleus has been inserted into the egg.
             cell, the cell is given an electric shock to initiate the development.
             Traditionally this is the sperm's role. In this paper we will be.
             discussing the advantages of different types of clones, such as they are.
             useful for research. We will also be discussing the disadvantages and.
             different techniques that result from the cloning of different organisms. .
             First lets start with the history of cloning. The modern era of.
             laboratory cloning began in 1958 when F.C. Steward cloned carrot plants.
             from mature single cells placed in a nutrient culture containing hormones.
             The first cloning of animal cells took place in 1964. John B. Gurdon took.
             the nuclei from tadpoles and injected them into unfertilized eggs. The.
             nuclei containing the original parents' genetic information had been.
             destroyed with ultraviolet light. When the eggs were incubated, Gurdon.
             discovered that only 1% to 2% of the eggs had developed into fertile adult.
             toads. The first successful cloning of mammal was achieved nearly twenty.
             years later. Scientists from Switzerland and the U.S. successfully cloned.
             mice using a method similar to Gurdon's, but required one extra step.
             After the nucleus was taken from the embryos of one type of mouse, they.
             were transferred into the embryos of another mouse who served as the.
             surrogate mother. This mouse went through the birthing process to create.
             the cloned mice. The c loning of cattle was achieved in 1988, when.
             embryos from prize cows were transplanted to unfertilized cow eggs whose.


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