... a republic into a monarchy. Although he instituted many important administrative reforms and continued to grant the senate a role in governing, most of the political power remained within the hands of the princeps, as he called himself. The army swore loyalty to him and the restoration of peace soon made his newly established political order acceptable to most people within the empire. During this period the Roman Empire spread its power and influence ... to provide defenses and administrative services. By the end of the second century the weakening of the Roman Empire had become appare...

• Word Count: 2291
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• Grade Level: High School

... in an equitable manner, rather than to have recourse to arms." Nonetheless, a civil war broke out in Rome in between 49BC and 45 BC, during which Caesar and his supporters fought off an army of his opposers led by Pompey. After winning the civil war it became clear that Caesar was the one true leader of Rome. No longer was Rome controlled only by a senate, but by ... of Augustus." There was nothing clear to be heard, for there was a continuous tumult until the people saw the assassins and Marcus Brutus trying to stop the outcry and exhorting the people to be of good courage, for that no...

• Word Count: 1464
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Regulus, asked for extremely harsh terms. This put the Carthaginians in a tight spot and the Carthaginians rejected the terms. But The Carthaginians were soon to show on several occasions that when forced into a tight spot they could fight back with great determination. The Romans decided that the whole force couldn't be supplied during the winter in enemy territory, so one consul returned to ... they won even though they had unbelievable losses. Polybius quoted that the huge numbers lost in this war compared to the wars of the Hellenistic kings. • Inventiveness and adapatability. Even...

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• Grade Level: High School

... absolutely no fighting skill, which gave them no protection from the barbarians. One of the most important elements in the decline of military power was the scarcity of Romanized soldiers. The army was made up of volunteers, people who wanted to serve their country. After a while no one wanted to volunteer, the citizens felt that they didn't have to defend their country and non-citizens weren't allowed ... . Everyone wanted to be a citizen; it improved your social status and opened many doors. "It was the desire of the provincials to acquire Roman citizenship that accounts for the fact ...

• Word Count: 2601
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... Empire fell for many reasons, but among them, the most important was the internal corruption and disorder that arose. For a very long time, the Roman Empire was unified. In fact, it was unified for so long that the time is known as "Pax Romana", meaning, "Roman Peace". However, this unity did not last forever. The Roman's suffered from; a decline in morals and values, public health ... were assassinated. There was a high inflation of Roman money because of the lack of gold. As a result, merchants raised prices, but because of the lack of coin circulation, many people began to barter. Du...

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• Grade Level: High School

... He adopted Hadrian on his deathbed after leaving Hadrian in command of his legions. Consequent to Trajan's death, if Hadrian would not have succeeded to the throne, civil war would have broken out. Hadrian emphasized the form of government that Trajan established by restoring order where there was chaos. He was a constructive emperor; Hadrian founded cities and enhanced old and depleted ... battle that seemed to be going successfully. During the war, Marcus Aurelius proclaimed his son Commodus joint emperor. Soon after, Marcus died at camp leaving his son as successor to the Empire this ...

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... kind, benevolent, and humane. But during his reign the Pax Romana ended. The Pax Romana is the 200-year period of peace in Ancient Rome. It was said to be "the greatest gift Rome gave to the ancient world." This was one of the first events that started the decline of the empire of Rome. One of the most important reasons for the fall of Rome was the economy. There were many economic ... problems in Rome. I"ll first start with the prisoners of war or the lack there of. When Emperor Hadrian drew ... decline was taking place. The wealthy people, or the patricians, made up an extremely small ...

• Word Count: 1524
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... father, Philip of Macedon. This asserted his strong family background, a common characteristic that is sought for any leader including the Presidents of the United States. During this war against Persia he set ablaze, Babylon and Persepolis not for himself but for Greek and the people of Greek, in retribution of Xerxes' destruction of Athens more than one-hundred-and-fifty years earlier. Upon his ... Peace is what leaders strive for; it is their main function to bring order and peace to society. Education was extremely important to Alexander; he was taught as a young boy, by the great ph...

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... physician, Eldest physician, Inspector of physicians, and finally Overseer of physicians of Upper and Lower Egypt. The doctors knew a lot about the human body for their time, they were able to study the structure of the brain, cure many illnesses, and set broken bones. People believe that their strong knowledge of anatomy and physiology is due to their practices of embalming of ... medicines" and it included the dressing of wounds and the manipulation of dislocated limbs as well as actually cutting into the body to work on the internal organs. Some of the tools used were more advanced ver...

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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... more effective communication and trade. Roman law was successful in maintaining the internal peace, and many roman legions defended the vast frontiers. (Dorrington, "The fall of Rome") Clearly, the focus of the Roman Empire was military strength and stability. Their military proficiency allowed for them to control much of the Mediterranean. Many people believe that the affluence of Rome is directly tied to that same military strength. However ... . (Nardo qtd. In Mehalek "The fall of the Roman Empire") Another important reason for the fall of Rome was the apparent political and social pr...

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... Caesar was a highly committed dictator who impacted Rome, and made a lasting impression that still stands today. With great appreciation for the people of Rome, he fulfilled their needs and wants. In his own lifetime and ever since, Caesar the man - not the god or the legend - remains inscrutable. (Suzanne Cross - Introduction) With this said Caesar ruled with prosperity and confidence and should never be doubted ... , were chiefly men whose careers had been made by Sulla. Pompey and Crassus were consuls in 70 BC and had rescinded the most offensively reactionary measures of Sulla's legi...

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• Grade Level: High School

... in 106 BC. He was a military general of Caesars stature, and similarly to Caesar, his success was met with mixed emotions from the Roman public. Some hated him, some supported him. It is generally noted in history that the Roman people's good-will and devotion was concentrated upon Pompey more so than many leaders of his time. Shakespeare makes light of this fact ... capture foreign countries. He asks what can be gained for Rome when it defeats itself. Caesar himself was cautious of public celebrations during the civil war. The tradition of bringing back and parading prisoners from the ...

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... whole idea was intelligent on many levels. Not only did he keep control of the military, he dealt with the problems of the unstable provinces, which were probably more important than those of the peaceful provinces. The Senate could deal with the trivial issues of those provinces. Augustus was looking like a humble ruler to the public, while in reality he was lining himself up for a long run as ... was religion. The Pontifex Maximus was the head of the Roman religious state. Lepidus was the Pontifex Maximus for Augustus" entire rule up until 12 BCE, when he died. Lepidus had caused prob...

• Word Count: 2979
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... they were not the best of friends because the power of the Franks was always looked upon with jealousy from the Greeks and the Romans. (Sayers, D) Charlemagne improved his kingdom not only with alliances but also with public work many very important. He got the ideas from the Romans and there ... but he died before the construction could begin. He also built two grand places one near his manor and the other near the capitol. Charlemagne made many Reforms of the laws of his people. He cited the wrongs and made new laws the corrected some the discrepancies. The law before he reformed ... ...

• Word Count: 2064
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• Grade Level: High School

... the throne. Through the treachery of Pothinus and the hostility of the Egyptian people to the Romans, Achilles and an army of 20,000 besieged the palace. Caesar managed to hold the palace itself and the harbor, he had Pothinus executed as a traitor but allowed the young Ptolemy to join the army of Achilles. When he ordered the Egyptian fleet burnt, the ... join them and on March 26, 47 BC, defeated the Egyptian army. Although he had been trapped in the palace for nearly six months and had been unable to exert a major influence on the conduct of the civil war, which was going rather badly...

• Word Count: 2616
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... strictly intended to help the people of Rome to start with he was able to weaken a debt that Rome had inquired during the Civil War. Julius Caesar did not completely do away with all the debt of Rome but he passed many laws to make up for the shortage of coins. Along with the debts came the unemployment, many Roman ... talked about how Rome was only there because of him and that if he was ever to die that a civil war greater than ever would breakout. He would say that 'It is more important for Rome than for himself that he should survive (Moyer,2012). Even his friends were known to turn o...

• Word Count: 3043
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• Has Bibliography
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... The people have always been involved with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was. They loved being involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. This might be explained by the myth that they are descended from Romulus, who's father was Mars, the god of war. Their government loving tendencies have caused many, many civil wars ... served for six months and six months only. The Senators served for life. The object of the Republic was to give the people a voice in the government, and to keep just one perso...

• Word Count: 4232
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... Political System. Greece greatly prospered during this time because of tourism and reputation. People from all over would go to see the higher education institutions, the prevailing drama plays, or the beautiful and elegant art. The period of Roman Greece was about 31B.C - 395A.D, and would eventually collapse because of civil war, earthquakes, and disease. This would more/less be the end of the Grecian Kingdoms as many new powers ... be pay for private education of their children, while the poorer families could not afford the education and would teach their children to work instead. S...

• Word Count: 1461
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• Grade Level: High School

... and become citizens. As the Roman world expanded, a new social class became important, consisting of prosperous landowners and business people that were called equites. Under the Roman emperors, equites held important government positions and helped run the empire's civil service. Roman citizenship was eventually granted to most peoples of the empire. Citizenship meant protection under Roman law. The privilege of citizenship promoted loyalty to the empire and gave peoples of ... a greater stake in its success. State Government The senate controlled much of Rome and elected the men to ad...

• Word Count: 2075
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• Grade Level: High School

... given their freedom and become citizens. As the Roman world expanded, a new social class became important. This class consisted of prosperous landowners and business people, who were called equites. Under the Roman emperors, equites held important government positions and helped run the empire's civil service. Roman citizenship was eventually granted to most peoples of the empire. Citizenship meant protection under Roman law. The privilege of citizenship promoted loyalty to ... a greater stake in its success. State Government The senate controlled much of Rome. It elected the men to adm...

• Word Count: 2073
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... many people wonder about why the Romans performed this act, because the Etruscans gave the Romans many contributions to their lives. When the Romans succeeded, they no longer had the strongest position in Latium. After the expulsion of the Etruscans, the monarchy became a republic. At first, the power was in the hands of the patricians, or upper class. "These patricians were normally of hereditary nobility. During this time ... retirement in 80 BC. In January 49 BC Julius Caesar made the famous night crossing of the River Rubicon. This was the historic boundary between Italy and the pro...

• Word Count: 3623
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... , which was founded by Romulus and Remus in 753 B.C., was growing quickly. Early Rome was under the kingdom of Etruscans, who were the wealthy aristocrats. Greeks also visited Rome during the age of colonization. This may be the fact why many historians view Roman culture as a continuation of Greek culture (Spielvogel, p.84-85). ... called consuls, the praetors, and the quaestors. The consuls possessed imperium to govern the Roman Republic and led the army into battle. The praetors also possessed imperium to govern Rome in the absence of the consuls. The quaestors were appointed to assi...

• Word Count: 1295
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... politicians statesman, and generals in Roman history. He was the one person who brought about the effective end of the Republic. From a noble but poor Roman family, Caesar made was first a soldier. As a member of the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus, he was one of the most powerful men in Rome. He fought a great Civil War with Pompey for mastery of Rome. After building up an ... army in Gaul, Caesar marched against the Senate in 49 B.C.E., and defeated his Pompey at the battle of Pharsalus. As dictator of Rome, he started ... was all of the military lands he conquered. He is r...

• Word Count: 406
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... conquer other Germanic peoples in a way that he supported military actions. ~ Pope Gregory the Great helped spread the idea of a vast unified kingdom by including secular power/affairs. ~Charles Martel's victory at the Battle of Tours was important b/c he stopped Muslim invasions. ~Pepin the short strengthened the Frankish kingdom in a way that he fought the Lombards and he becomes king. ~Charlemagne's govern unified his kingdom in a way ... used for governing monastries was written by B-Benedict. -Which of the following people was chiefly responsible for increasing the Church's secular...

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... subsequently there was also a sea to supplement with other riches. This land area also exposed the ancient Romans to the other cultures in existence. This outside influence also gave the cushion for the people to reap the benefits and trials of other establishments. As stated previously, the Romans were able to borrow from the Greeks their study of philosophy, fine art methods, and legal system. This meant that ... a death sentence for him so he disobeyed orders and brought his troops into the city and caused a civil war. He defeated Pompey's troops in many battles and became the dictat...

• Word Count: 2260
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• Grade Level: High School