... it was just Orff's unfortunate timing that had him branded as a Nazi. In 1938, Orff accepted a commission to compose the music to "A Midsummer Night's Dream" after the original score by Mendelssohn had been banned for being racist. Orff came under fire for this score and was even investigated by an ... at Paul Bekker, both from a new generation of modernists. Pfitzner's greatest achievement however was "Palestrina". "Pfitzner's Palestrina is an essay that defends on several levels the ideal of the autonomy of music, and its connection to neoplatonic truths, against alternative modernist c...

• Word Count: 2701
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to anyone familiar with Stalin's political cunning. A month later, Germany invaded Poland, igniting the Second World War. Part 2: World War II In a sense, the Nazi-Soviet Pact was a brilliant move on Stalin's part, since it gave him an opportunity to drastically improve his country's strategic position along its western border, without getting involved in a larger conflict. While Hitler's Blitzkrieg flattened Poland ... U.S.S.R. the following year. The Soviets applied similar pressure to Finland, which had been a Grand Duchy under the rule of the Tsars; but the Finns resisted, however, ...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ... capable of organizing the movement and leading it... It is necessary to prepare men that devote to the Revolution not just their free evening, but their entire lives- (Pipes Concise 39). This is the sort of fanaticism that propelled the Bolsheviks to power. Their party (more of an ideological order) had very strict ideological criteria and every member must have been ... Russia) sent commissars to all the military units around Petrograd, instructing them to ignore orders from the government. No one objected to this maneuver which placed army into Lenin's control. On the night of Octo...

• Word Count: 2068
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... through agricultural work and the preservation of the Jewish culture in the Soviet east made it the more desirable option (22). When on March 28th/1928 the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee allocated the region of Birobidzhan for settlement of Jewish agricultural toilers the ... of 1929 conditions had deteriorated so quickly that the majority of settlers were concentrating around Tikhonkaya Station, the major railway stop, and not even on the land (27). An American observer to Tikhonkaya in 1929 remarked, "they live in barracks. In an incredibly crowded and dirty place n...

• Word Count: 3032
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of an allegory is to inform an audience about something whilst at the same time critiquing its contents. In this case, by using such a text type to embody his views on the Russian Revolution, George Orwell satirizes and represents individuals and events in history in his dystopian novel Animal Farm. The use of allegory can be viewed as a simpler and easier ... be put into another context in an allegory, making the event much more appealing. Old Major's speech alludes to Karl Marx's surplus theory of communism. His speech was about his dream of an animal paradise where the farm animals a...

• Word Count: 849
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... him as a race that was objectively superior to all of the rest of humanity - in World War I, and to assert his dominance over the world. On the other side were the democratic, capitalist, Western countries, like The United Kingdom, France, and later the United States of America, who entered into the ... capitalism, and equality for all. Even though the war ended in 1945 shortly following the death of Hitler, the marks that the War had left on the continent and the world, both physical and metaphorical, were still fresh at the time that Vaughan Williams was composing his concerto. The firs...

• Word Count: 1089
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... organization with Turkey was a sign of improving relations with one another. However, despite official visits and diplomatic excursions, Turkey and Armenia were not able to establish concrete relations (Iskandaryan 39). Diplomatic relations between both countries faced problems which ultimately led to a deadlock in negotiations. An example of this was how Turkey argued that Armenia did not officially recognize the ... public sentiment against Turkey (Iskandaryan 47). Over time, arguably because of the negative public sentiment against Turkey, the catastrophe of the 1915 events and the d...

• Word Count: 1304
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... novel, Mr. Jones versus the animals. When Old Major dies three nights after he told the animals his dream of rebellion, three younger pigs " Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer "put together his main principles into a philosophy called Animalism. Then late one night the animals succeed in running out Mr. Jones off the land. This greatly resembles the abdication of Czar ... Snowball emerges as a keen idealist who throws himself into the attempt to spread Animalism worldwide and help the infrastructure of the farm. Napoleon being a corrupt opportunist, focused mainly on aims on perfecting the...

• Word Count: 853
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... tension was probably the chief cause to the failure of the fourth reactor; it definitely was a direct cause of the adverse effect on the people of Chernobyl and the surrounding areas each were affected in similarly destructive ways. One of the biggest downfalls of the government ... to eliminate the consequences of the accident. Those affected by it are being given assistance. A government commission has been set up" (Greenwald 39). It has been said that if the Soviet Government had acted earlier many lives would have been saved. Evacuations were also discriminatory, according to Jessic...

• Word Count: 1353
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... about China would have been written in the West. Arthur Waldron has a similar view regarding the changing nature of evidence on Mao's personality, and the following role reversal of the key figures of the period: We now know, through a collection of memoirs, notes and the like, that Mao was a very, very disturbed person psychologically. He was really a monster. Through the ... select release of statistics and evidence regarding this period, the position of the CCP has some influence on the direction of historical writing on the Cultural Revolution. The analysis linking the position of th...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... century five nations, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Abkhazians and Ossetians dominated in Transcaucasus. Historically, they ruled their certain fatherlands and were periodically oppressed by different powerful Empires. Based on the notes of early historians, like Strabon, Plutarch, Claudia Ptolomeo, Artsakh was a part of Armenia with territories south to Kura River. After invention of Christianity in 301 AD and ... the same period opened the first Armenian school at the Amaras Church, Artsakh. Numerous materials of the history of Artsakh are asserted in the notes of Armenian, Pers...

• Word Count: 2599
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... as being "a school and a free academy where not only the current teaching of special professions was carried out but general discussions were held and seminars conducted amongst the students on diverse problems" (Gray 232). The visionary and revolutionary philosophy at Vkhutmas was entirely dictated by the newly erected Institute of Artistic Culture (Inkuhuk). Inkuhuk was a program designed to ... organize its forces in the struggle for socialism" (Gray 244). Predominantly organized by avant-garde member Malinnovskii Bogdanov, the Proletcult found itself in a direct clash with Lenin himse...

• Word Count: 4641
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... However, these advantages ended when Hitler decided to attack the Soviet Union in mid-June 1941 to get his create Lebensraum in the East. Germany attacked Poland on September 1, 1939, and the Soviet Union also agreed to attack the Poland from the East later that month. Hitler and Stalin had drawn up a ... to invade Norway, but run through Denmark unchallenged. Hitler indeed had initial successes at the beginning of the war, but he was offered them up on a silver platter by the British and the French. No one can fault the British and French for not wanting another war, but nonetheless on...

• Word Count: 2122
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to completely agree with all of Lenin's positions, including his advocacy of an "armed revolution" to overthrow the Provisional Government). This decline only proved temporary, however. On November 7, 1917 (October 25 on the Soviet calendar), the Bolsheviks seized power in a relatively bloodless coup, overthrowing the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky. Although Stalin apparently had no role in the October ... wife was named Nadya Allilueva; she had been serving as his secretary (and had accompanied him to Volgograd the previous year). She was seventeen when they married, and...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Lenin are taken into consideration in the realm of the Marxist-Leninist ideology, then NEP is as Lenin claimed only a necessary path towards his dream of socialism. The next major era after the rule of Lenin came with the emergence of Josef Stalin towards the top of the Soviet political ... even Stalin. Decisions were made with consultation with the others, which lead to much arguing, but essentially would not let Lenin rule as a autocrat. On the other hand, Stalin came to power and left himself alone at the top. No one was there to question or advise him. He put ... motives. Almost imme...

• Word Count: 1383
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Curzon line was recognized as Poland's frontier with the Soviet Union. Also, by a secret agreement with Roosevelt, Stalin promised to declare war on Japan three months after the end of hostilities in Europe. Critics of the agreements that each nation's leaders negotiated hold that it partitioned the ... work for the establishment of a new Polish government that represented the Polish people. However, at Yalta, they gave into Stalin. He insisted on the communist dominated Polish Committee of National Liberation that had proclaimed itself the "provisional government of National Unity. When ...

• Word Count: 2338
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to completely agree with all of Lenin's positions, including his advocacy of an "armed revolution" to overthrow the Provisional Government). This decline only proved temporary, however. On November 7, 1917 (October 25 on the Soviet calendar), the Bolsheviks seized power in a relatively bloodless coup, overthrowing the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky. Although Stalin apparently had no role in the October ... wife was named Nadya Allilueva; she had been serving as his secretary (and had accompanied him to Volgograd the previous year). She was seventeen when they married, and...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was transformed from a predominantly agricultural land into an industrial-agricultural state. This transformation was carried out under a system of central planning patterned on that of the Soviet Union. Consumer desires were ignored, tight labor discipline was enforced, and living standards were depressed, so that the largest ... , about 10 percent of which are electrified. Budapest is also the seat of the Danube Commission, an eight-nation body that controls traffic on the Danube River, Budapest's Ferihegy Airport handles both domestic and international flights. Malev is the national ai...

• Word Count: 1630
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... hope of a profitable Workers State. Gladkov points out that this personal sacrifice is not easily achieved and cannot be done without emotional consequence. On a general level, sacrifices are made in the town, with characters providing food and comfort for the children's home. As a result, the town is hungry ... and poor; on an individual level, everyone suffers. A more extreme example of this can be seen in the sacrifice of family--both in Dasha's decision to place ... Gladkov describes Gleb's reaction as "Well and suppose it did happen-well, let it happen" (Gladkov 139). While Dasha f...

• Word Count: 3036
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Revolutionary Rhetoric No Longer Able To Conceal The Reality Of The Authoritarian One-party State In Eastern Europe In The Late 1980s? On the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall-the most potent symbol of the cold war division of Europe-came down. Earlier that ... the removal of travel restrictions to democratic West Berlin. Thousands of East Germans streamed into the West, and in the course of the night, celebrants on both sides of the wall began to tear it down. The collapse of the Berlin Wall was the culminating point of the revolutionary changes ... German leader Erich Honecke...

• Word Count: 2359
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Luard 1992: 416). Bentham showed that federal states such as the German Diet, the American Confederation, and the Swiss League were able to transform their identity from one based on conflicting interests to a more peaceful federation. As Bentham famously argued, `between the interests of nations there is nowhere any real conflict'. But crucially, liberal internationalists " ... collective security were still?born. 2 It was not until the end of the cold war that a collective security system was operationalized, following the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on 2 August 1990 . An important argu...

• Word Count: 3075
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Union and Canada have many things in common, but economically the two nations differ greatly. The Canadian economy is a model economy. The Soviet Unions economy is based on an ideology that was far too experimental. The debate between the Soviet command system and the Western mixed market system will not rest in the near future. To ... and or services can be acquired. One major difference between Canada and the Soviet Union is who gets paid how much? The Soviet Union, which is focused heavily on eliminating the gap between the rich and the poor, was unable to accept the fact that certain...

• Word Count: 1154
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... proper attention after stabilization. The revolutionary fervor that characterized the early economic reforms did not take into account the punitive realities of their policies. This goal had been more of a dream than a demand, and few had actually considered how to achieve it (Fish 215). Khrushchev stated that a country may follow its own road to socialism, and in a perverse sense ... of what the Communist apparatus left in its wake should cause pause for any free-market optimist. Seventy plus years of state socialism has left Russia with a two-ton gorilla on its collective economic bac...

• Word Count: 1866
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... " leader. The interaction between Stalin and children from the Communist Party became an extremely important key in his cult of the personality. His strategy of communication was often based on gift giving to the Soviet children, particularly in vast celebrations in order to promote his "father" figure among the population. In addition, the cult of personality adopted several ... ...

• Word Count: 806
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... communist. In North Korea, a communist government was established by the Soviet Union. Their first leader was Kim Il Sung who called North Korea as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. On the other hand, United States was in charged of South Korea and promoted a democratic system whose president was Syngman Rhee. Between (1951-1953), in the Korean war communist country North ... ...

• Word Count: 950
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate