... techniques. Source: Partners in Research. "Animals Benefit From Biomedical Research." http://www.pirweb.org/animals_do_benefit.htm (15, Feb. 2000). Secor 3 Table 1 Advances in Medicine Through Animal Research Pre 1900's Treatment for Smallpox: Treatment for Whooping Cough: One of the worlds most dreaded A highly communicable respiratory disease plagues, estimated to have caused characterized by short, dry coughs ... monkeys Antibiotics: 1990's Development of penicillin and other antibiotics Breast cancer links: revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infection Scientists are closing in...

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... of a cell and the different components within a cell will be discussed as seen under an electron microscope which is able to magnify the cell much more than a simple light microscope. Animal cells are known as being Eukaryotic, literally translated as "good nucleus" indicating that the cell consists of many organelles including the nucleus. Structures and Functions of Cell Organelles The main ... feature of an animal cell is the nucleus enclosed by a nuclear envelope which is a double membrane system. This envelope is perforated with nuclear pores which allow the passage of molecules be...

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... was raised in was completely different from its counterpart. For example, if someone was to clone a forty year old woman, you wouldn't get another forty year old woman, you would get an embryo that would have to be implanted in a woman's uterus and pass through ... . "The most immediate benefit is likely to be the faster, more efficient production of therapeutic human proteins in the milk of transgenic4 farm animal species. These drug products of biotechnology have already aided persons with blood deficiencies and serious infections among other conditions."" (McCuen, 89). ... milk and ...

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... ) is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. These plants are created to enhance nutritional value or increase the resistance to herbicides. The old method of enhancing plants was done through breeding them over and over again. ... the same concerns arise with this issue as well. An example is farmed raised salmon. A report from a panel of authorities stated that if farm-raised salmon that have had their genes altered to speed growth were released into the wild, they could compete more successfully...

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... need bacteria (containing chymosin for cheese). Bread and beer are made from cereals using yeast. Transgenic animals capable of producing useful recombinant proteins are the latest of biotechnological developments. "A Transgenic animal has had a gene (or genes) either removed or added to its genome" (Dr Ed Wraith, 11/2002) Introduced genes, called transgenes, come form a species different from the host organism. By ... carrying this extra piece of DNA, an animal can synthesise proteins normally produced by other species. This has been possible in bacteria and organisms such as yeast for...

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... doctor said he wanted to create animals that could be used for medical research, and not to clone humans. Few experts think that sheep or other farm animals would be the only animals to be cloned (Kolata 612). Although cloning is illegal in Britain and many other countries, there are no laws ... because it would be going against everything we desire for the human race(Kolata 613). According to Justin Gillis in his story "Keeping Them Down on the Farm" he believes that genetically manipulated and cloned cows, sheep, and other animals can be of great benefit to humans. "They see cloning as ...

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... , formed from the same egg and sharing the same genotype. If natural clones are not to be feared, why should we fear deliberate ones" (Colvin 39)? Theoretically, Ian Wilmut says, there is no reason his techniques of cloning Dolly couldn't someday be used to clone people. Think about the possibilities: ... or the ultimate in narcissism. In general, however, public attitudes toward human cloning seem to be based on a diet of science-fiction B-movies and paperbacks (39). Much of the previous practice on animals has been disastrous and unexpected. A human is likely to be cloned, and soon. Is...

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... changed for the better because, as mentioned above, pesticides would not be longer needed, and chemicals could be avoided. Moreover, genetic engineering could avoid the use of hormones in animals. Farm animals could be genetically modified so productivity could be increased. For example, cows could be genetically modified to produce more milk. Hormones, as well as pesticides, can have a terrible effect ... on the human body; it has been proved that some of the synthetic hormones that are feed to the farm animals increase the risk of getting cancer. This is just one of the many effects h...

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... United States as well as the rest of the world. Critics of genetic engineering argue that it creates numerous risks and concerns. These include environmental and ecological issues, ethical issues, animal and human health risks, and social, economic, and control issues. Supporters of biotechnology point out the direct benefits to consumers and farmers especially in underdeveloped countries. The genetic modification ... out genetic diversity, making it impossible to breed new strains of plants. (Hayden, 1) One such case occurred in Maymont, Saskatchewan with an organic farmer. Dale Beaudoin...

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... desired trait. Once introduced, the selected genes acts like any other gene- it provides instructions for making a protein. The protein then determines a characteristic in the genetically modified plant or animal. In short, the process has been speeded up and refined. Farmers no longer need to wait patiently for breeding to yield improved crops and animals, nor must they even respect ... natural lines of reproduction among species. Laboratory scientist can now copy genes from any organism-plant, animal, or microbe. Their work is changing not only the way farmers plant, fertilize, and har...

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... of obtain evidence. DNA samples can be obtained by hair, blood, semen, skin, and nail clippings because they are all made up cells containing DNA. Think about this: A 15 year old boy goes into 7-11 carrying a gun. He yells at the store owner, spitting on the counter to, "Give me all your money!". The store owner says, "No!" and gets shot ... and more accepted benefits would be that of genetic farming. This will bringforth new crops, nutritious produce, biopesticides, new resources, and edible vaccines incorporated into food products. Understanding plant and animal genomes will allow us ...

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... pneumoniae, a bacterium that can synthesize a polysaccharide around itself. This ability allows it to be immune to the attacks upon it by the bacterial defenses in the body of the infected animal. When a bacterium is grown on a solid medium, it forms a clone called a colony, and the enveloping polysaccharide gives the colony a smooth appearance. Thus, they are called smooth (S) strains. Sometimes, a mutation in ... gives it a rough (R) appearance. R strains do not cause pneumonia, because they do not have the polysaccharide around them, so the bacteria are inactivated by the immune syst...

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... . (Levine, 1997) We are also into the era of recombinant DNA, which is remarkable because it allows us to use it in medicine , such as medically useful human proteins in animal milk. This is very useful in a sense, but do we really need to know this information. Take for example the atom bomb.(Baldeuf) We found this information in the purpose ... codes. Canadian Journal of Mathematics 10:202-209. Golomb, Solomon W., Betty Tang and Ronald L. Graham 1987. A new result on comma-free codes of even word length. Canadian Journal of Mathematics 39(3):513-526. James D. Watson, The Double Helix, ...

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... not an actual pregnancy (Doheny.) A statement has been released concerning the issue of discarding the fetuses. It stated that is was appropriate to discard animal fetuses, but never acceptable in human research (Doheny.) The whole cloning process is a long a difficult one. "Cloning refers to copying genes and ... (such as those for human proteins) to create drug-producing animals as well as inactivating genes to study the effects and possibly create animal models of human diseases. Cloning technology also may someday be usedin humans to produce whole organs from single cells or to raise...

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... before transferring their nuclei to sheep eggs. The eggs develop into normal lambs. In February 1997 Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Scotland report they have cloned a 6-year-old adult sheep from an udder cell. They name the sheep Dolly (after Dolly Parton). It is the first clone created from an adult cell. (4) Although, many believe cloning to be ... disorders". (5) Cloning can benefit the economy by providing cheap meat for starving people or allow the production of plant life were cultivation is not possible. However, others would argue that animal rights are violate...

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... against the natural world. They provide more food for more people and can resist disease and insects by themselves. As well as with plants, scientists are making chickens and other farm animals bigger so they will sell for more and provide more and better meat to consumers. The upside to bioengineered food is that the food must go through strenuous testing ... we are currently getting from animals by killing them. We can also keep the worlds wondrous animals from dying out by cloning them to start a whole new generation of that animal. Also, children can have a clone made of them so the...

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... when a plant modified to be resistant to a herbicide or pesticide spreads and cross-breeds, creating plants that are also resistant when they shouldn't be. For instance, modified plants planted at a farm can spread and grow in an unwanted area, taking over (since they are resistant and therefore better adapted) and possibly killing the original plants in that area. This could lead ... unaware and put into danger. A perfect example is when "Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. developed a genetically engineered soybean using a gene from a Brazil nut to increase the protein content of its a...

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... on. This type of engineering is the growing of nerve cells, liver cells, heart cells, skin cells, among others. These cells are formed from stem cells extracted from a person or animal's blood. This way people can have repairs made from their own blood cells. This is a very new field in science. It is still not possible to create a bionic human being ... organs in just a couple of weeks. The cells are grown on a scaffold to give them form and shape. Scientists are also discussing tissue engineered food to replace the slaughtering of farm animals. Blade Runner incorporates cloning as wel...

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... reasons as well. However, genetic engineering is imprecise and unpredictable. By inserting genes from organisms that have never been eaten as food, new proteins are introduced into the human and animal food chains. There is concern that these could cause serious environmental problems, or worse it can cause health problems to humans. Splicing foreign genetic material into genomes, creating new organisms ... USA EPA predicts that most target insects will be resistant within 3 to 5 years. Furthermore, the crop is toxic to harmless and beneficial insects. The caterpillar of the Monarch but...

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... frog egg, replace it with an embryonic frog cell, and then allow the egg to develop into a tadpole. This "Nuclear transfer" transplants an animal gene into an egg. The tadpole is therefore a clone of the embryo that donates its nucleus. In 1975 scientists got tadpoles after transferring cell nuclei ... who was not a genetic mix of the mother and father, but an identical copy of the mother. Eve was born to a 31 year old American who was part of the controversial UFO based cult called "Clonaid" founded in Bahamans in 1997. According to the leader of this cult, ... the embryo and is ethica...

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... was the first company to market frying oil (soybean) without trans-fatty acids. Other foods that have been made include corn with increased starch levels, amino acid enhanced corn for animal feed and beta-carotene producing rice. The use of genetically altered crops can help reduce the pollution due to the use of harmful pesticides and insecticides. These plants will deter ... and molecular farming production becomes more efficient, on larger-scale, lower-value products such as industrial chemicals or biodegradable plastics should lead to larger-scale opportunities for agricultural prod...

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... perhaps more that we are unable to detect. (Downie 205) The procedure is one of high risk since the animal organ can transmit viruses, bacteria or fungi that the animal is immune to and can produce fatal outcomes in humans. For example, pigs harbour endogenous retroviruses that can infect ... they leave the patient vulnerable to many infections. (Xenotransplantation par.7) Nearly all transplanted organs spur rejection by the recipient. The immune reaction to animal tissues is very strong and will require either high levels of current immunosuppressive drugs or the development of new ones...

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... by enhancing plant resistance to drought, salinity, disease, pests and herbicides. They are going to try to enhance their growth, productivity, nutrient value, and chemical composition. The old way of doing this was through selective breeding, special fertilizer, and hormones. This seems now somewhat outdated with today's technology. Genetic engineering comes with many downfalls. Increased ... other industrial and agrochemical poisons. Scientists must be extremely cautious about releasing genetically engineered organisms into the environment. The deliberate and accidental release of exot...

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... us that this is the right thing to do or is it. A few cultures practice polygamy where the men are allowed to have several wives. According to studies of the animal world, most of us are naturally inclined to "cheat" or at least have more than one mate in a lifetime. For most biologists, the fact that the Rev. Jesse Jackson had ... essential for her mate to provide for her. He stays with her and helps to raise their young. Unfortunately this practice of monogamy is only practiced until the kits get old enough to wonder away form the den into the real world. Then the male fox then leaves...

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... us that this is the right thing to do or is it. A few cultures practice polygamy where the men are allowed to have several wives. According to studies of the animal world, most of us are naturally inclined to "cheat" or at least have more than one mate in a lifetime. For most biologists, the fact that the Rev. Jesse Jackson had ... essential for her mate to provide for her. He stays with her and helps to raise their young. Unfortunately this practice of monogamy is only practiced until the kits get old enough to wonder away form the den into the real world. Then the male fox then leaves...

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