... conquest in 11th century set up the primary base of present Azerbaijan nation, culture and art. So, at the end of 12th century five nations, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Abkhazians and Ossetians dominated in Transcaucasus. Historically, they ruled their certain fatherlands and were periodically oppressed by different powerful Empires. Based on the notes of early historians, like Strabon, Plutarch, Claudia Ptolomeo, Artsakh was a part of Armenia ... with territories south to Kura River. After invention of Christianity in 301 AD and adopting it as an official religion, Armenian cul...

• Word Count: 2599
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... revamping the economy and making it more vibrant and more market oriented. Glasnost was aimed at opening Soviet society to the outside. It opened up more information to the public and encouraged new forms of expression. For the first time press and television were allowed to criticize the government. The Iron Curtain was losing its steel. Gorbachev's reforms were being watched closely by the United ... States with a great deal of interest and a little bit of suspicion. Reagan believed that America had grown strong ... again and was now powerful enough that it would have the upper hand i...

• Word Count: 2617
• Approx Pages: 10

... viable possibility, or simply a political device. Although allied in World War II, US-Soviet relations deteriorated rapidly in the scramble to divvy up the territory rescinded by Germany. Clearly, there was a clash in ideologies. Communism and Democracy, rather than merely different forms of government, became direct rivals. One of the most prominent sources of contention was the city of Berlin. In November ... , potentially one of the most dangerous disputes of the Cold War era. Located 110 miles past the Iron Curtain, surrounded by Soviet satellites and close to supply lines, Berlin ha...

• Word Count: 2678
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

... poured a huge flow of capital greatly stimulated its economic growth. This is primarily to assist in removing the United States from the theater of operations and the associated security investments. Expansion of military conflict was accompanied by the growth of military orders, which, in turn, created favorable conditions for the accelerated development of the industry. In addition, the United States played in ... side attempted to change the situation in their favor. The United States has become hard to build up its military capabilities: the new budget, adopted by the Congress, were...

• Word Count: 4151
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of civilization. The ensuing chess match between the two superpowers would consume the better part of the next 30 years, and it would take a handful of men, brilliant, sometimes arrogant, accompanied by courageous leadership and bold policy that combined both confrontation and negotiation in order to pull the world back from the precipice of destruction it precariously rested. Détente was that ... convinced that the executive branch knew best, members of Congress would acquiesce in the cold war policies of succeeding presidents. As stated by Phil Williams of the Royal Institute of Inter...

• Word Count: 3059
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... at least substitutes of former territorial gains.5 Russia in the 90, under Yeltsin rein was weak state went through permanent crisis both economically and politically. In 1991 had come breakthrough when Yanayev's Putch overcome by the Yeltsin's supporters. Even though west countries were deeply convinced at Russia entered right way to the democracy, but in the same moment Russia turned to system ... Minister Sergei Lavrov of Russia insisted that in the 1990s the United States had ' 'made a commitment not to expand NATO'' and had ' 'repeatedly broken this commitment''...

• Word Count: 2773
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in Kiev, to combat between these two nations many people ask how this could have happened. The response from Russia has been condemned by the international community, and many believe that the poor handling of the situation falls on Russia and pro-Russian figureheads that reside in Ukraine. Examining the situation of the West from a neoliberalism point of view, it can be reinforced ... community, Russia's security would decrease due to the fact that Ukraine is right on the Russian border. The only way Russia is going to survive as a unitary state is by increasing its security and resour...

• Word Count: 3290
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... only. The writ of the Shahs extended not much further than the outskirts of Tehran. Regional, local, and tribal chieftains ran the rest of the country manipulated by British and Russian agents. Reza Khan spent the next fifteen years centralising authority and restoring the integrity and independence the newly named Iran had not known for many years. In 1942, however, this chimera of ... especially towards Great Britain, the pre-eminent power throughout much of the middle-east. This hostility resulted in the nationalisation of the British owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company by the Majlis (Ira...

• Word Count: 2854
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... development of the international refugee protection regime continued to gather momentum irrespective of difficulties. The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) established in 1943(and dominated by the USA influence and made up of 44 signatories) and the International Refugee Organisation formed in 1946 played crucial but controversial roles. That notwithstanding, they nevertheless were working ... conflict-afflicted societies for quite some, never have the refugees around the globe received international protection. Europe was for instance bedeviled in 16th and 17th ce...

• Word Count: 4488
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... communism was the basis for a number of utopian settlements; most communistic experiments, however, it eventually failed. For the most part these were small-scale private settlements. People were there by will and voluntarily cooperated with one another. Everyone in these settlements participated in the governing process (Daniels, 183). The term communisms was later reserved for the philosophy of Karl Marx ... as, "political system in which the people of a country rule through any form of government they choose to establish."" Most modern democracies are governed by representatives that h...

• Word Count: 5440
• Approx Pages: 22

... small-scale private experiments involved voluntary cooperation, with everyone participating in the governing process (Daniels). Later the term communism was reserved for the philosophy advanced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their Communist Manifesto and the movement they helped create in Central Europe. Since 1917 the term has denoted those who regard the Russian Revolution as a model that all Marxists ... revolution in which the masses of the poor would rebel against their oppressors. This proletarian revolution would do away with private ownership of the means of production. Run...

• Word Count: 2983
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Russian revolutionaries of that period; Lenin often published under the name "Tulin" (note that even the names "Lenin" and "Stalin" were political pseudonyms). Stalin used the name "Koba" until about 1913, when he regularly began signing articles and letters with the name "Stalin" (meaning "man of steel" or "steel one"). Until the last years of the czarist Russia, Stalin was more an up ... -and -coming follower than a leader. Unlike the intellectual party members, his contribution to the cause was practical, not theoretical. These "practical ... did on February 15, 1921. The country...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Russian revolutionaries of that period; Lenin often published under the name "Tulin" (note that even the names "Lenin" and "Stalin" were political pseudonyms). Stalin used the name "Koba" until about 1913, when he regularly began signing articles and letters with the name "Stalin" (meaning "man of steel" or "steel one"). Until the last years of the czarist Russia, Stalin was more an up ... -and -coming follower than a leader. Unlike the intellectual party members, his contribution to the cause was practical, not theoretical. These "practical ... finally did on February 15, 1921. The...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is one, which lies at the core of liberal institutionalism. The work of liberal institutionalists like Mitrany and Haas, provided an important impetus to closer co?operation between European states, initially through the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Consistent with Mitrany's hypothesis, co?operation in the energy sector provided governments with the ... confidence to undertake the more ambitious plan for a European Economic Community enshrined in the Treaty of Rome in 1956. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, a new generation of scholars (particularly ... is ...

• Word Count: 3075
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... book was Kennedy's," Sorensen would say later. "The responsibility for the book was Kennedy's." The writing, meanwhile, save parts of the introduction and of the last chapter, was Sorensen's. At the time of publication, though, none of this was known, and the handsome, intellectual Senator Kennedy found himself the Democratic Party's rising star. At the 1956 convention, when Adlai Stevenson was nominated to ... removed if the U.S. dismantled its own Jupiter missiles in Turkey, just across the Black Sea from the Soviet Union. On Wednesday, October 24, Russian ships steaming toward Cuba t...

• Word Count: 8348
• Approx Pages: 33
• Grade Level: High School

... Rome who were opposed to the Second Republic. At the meeting Mussolini promised the group 10,000 rifles, 10,000 hand grenades, 200 machine-guns and a million pesetas in cash in event of a military uprising. On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War Mussolini failed to keep his ... the next three months Mussolini sent to Spain 130 aircraft, 2,500 tons of bombs, 500 cannons, 700 mortars, 12,000 machine-guns, 50 whippet tanks and 3,800 motor vehicles. In December 1936 Mussolini began sending troops to aide the Nationalist Front. This included 30,000 men from the Blue Shirts militia ... to t...

• Word Count: 3763
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... second five-year plan started in 1933, the Soviets had a base on which top build their economy and the new industrial states such as Magnitogorsk and Gorki became vast centres of economic activity. These towns were built from scratch to house the expanding iron and steel industries and to supply the production industries being built. Overall, in the period from 1928 to 1941, production of ... owners into collective farms the Soviet Union provided an agricultural backbone to feed its industrialisation whilst preventing famine from ever reoccurring in Russia. It also helped the communist p...

• Word Count: 5589
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... July, 22 1971Nr 221 passed the memorial complex "Brest Fortress" to the Ministry of Culture of the BSSR (July 28, 1971 was issued by the PBC and the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Council of Ministers of the BSSR № 231 "On the State Commission for acceptance of the memorial ... Rifle Regiment and next to it there was a dining house for officers. In the area of the Terespol Gate there were barracks of the 333rd Rifle Regiment and border guards. Between the barracks of the 333rd Rifle Regiment and the dining house for officers there were 45mm and 76mm guns, antiaircraft gun...

• Word Count: 9116
• Approx Pages: 36
• Grade Level: High School

... citizen of Germany or of Austria. He was a man without a country. Afterward he became a political informer, or spy, for the German army and was responsible for reporting any suspicious activities in Munich's political parties. The spying evolved into a turning point of Hitler's life. Soon after, in 1919 ... struck. This was the time to begin to spread Nazi influence. The Nazis rapidly began to gain votes and by 1930, Hitler had the support of many industrialists and the military caste. Then in 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor who later made himself Persona...

• Word Count: 3043
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... history changed over time? This essay was originally to deal with debates regarding Soviet Russian history. This sphere of interest became more specific and eventually led to a study of inconsistencies regarding historical justifications of Khrushchev's dismissal of war hero Marshall Zhukov. However, while a variety ... Arthur Waldron has a similar view regarding the changing nature of evidence on Mao's personality, and the following role reversal of the key figures of the period: We now know, through a collection of memoirs, notes and the like, that Mao was a very, very disturbed person ...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was introduced to mechanise agriculture, implying that the surplus labour would be released for the growing industries. Thus, this process was motivated by genuine economic and political necessity considering all the problems Stalin faced, although historians today argue that ideology was also a very strong reason. Indeed, the ... recurrent problems. In fact, Russia was still a poor economically backward country producing fewer industrial goods than many smaller countries, and having an important increase of its population by 20 million, therefore needing to increase their poor producti...

• Word Count: 2709
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Mensheviks. Stalin joined the more radical Bolsheviks, and by the time World War I arrived, in 1914, he had attended a number of Party Congresses and risen high in Lenin's favor, who appointed him to the Bolshevik Central Committee. It was at this time that he adopted the name "Stalin," meaning "steel one." In 1917, the Russian Revolution toppled the Tsarist government. From March until November ... of that year, Russia was ruled by a Provisional Government, which made plans for a democratically ... of miscalculations, however, along with the strain of continuing the war with Germany, ...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... most of who worked as dependant farmers. Forty-six was the average life expectancy, as medical science had not advanced a great deal by this time. Privilege and obedience were key elements of society at this time. Many of these circumstances were to soon change however. As the label "Age of ... in history is historically significant in that it is the element that brings about all of the events of history. Understanding both the underlying and immediate causes of events helps to paint a clear picture of why events occur the way they do. Inevitability in History History, often ... This wa...

• Word Count: 2597
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... easy formulas to carry out such actions. Common instructions were such on how to blow up steel and wooden bridges, railway track demolition, de-rail trains, mine roads and fields, and destroy tanks and other motor vehicles. "These missions usually only required one or two partisans, some dynamite and wires, and thirty minuets in most cases. In a period of eight days, a few groups of Ukrainian ... the front line" (Manstein 1923). In situations where German supply lines carrying food were destroyed, German rations were often reduced to starvation levels. Similar methods were used by parti...

• Word Count: 2793
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the beginning of the plans. Production doubled in electricity, coal and steel industries and there was virtually no unemployment. Education and healthcare was made available and easily accessible to all who needed it. Girls and boys, men and women were encouraged to become literate and the education was provided for them. With huge collectivized farms or Kolkhoz and new machinery to increase efficiency fewer peasants were needed to work ... No, comrades, it is not possible! On the contrary, we must increase it as much as it within our power and possibilities to do so." By using words lik...

• Word Count: 2886
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School