Summary of Article #1 Restorative Justice in School Communities This article deals with restorative justice in school communities. It looks at three different areas in America where restorative justice is being used in schools. There are some differences and some similarities. One thing they all have in common is that this "take" ... hence prescribes a reintergrative response to crime focused on attempts to repair, rebuild and enhance bonds or ties between young offenders and their communities". This approach differs form traditional rehabilitation for three reasons: A-Rather than focus only...

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... the 20th Century; The Man Behind the Artist The striking paintings of the three featured artists have made them some the most beloved American artists of the twentieth century. In order to appreciate the artists it is necessary to understand how they came about ... ...

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... and Asia. Indeed, youth gangs have been a major part of the urban cultural landscape here in America since at least the 1830s. This information I acquired when in English class reading Charles Dickens, and his description of Fagin's pack of young boys roaming the streets of London in Oliver Twist. This then carried over to the second coming of the English migration and ... these groups settled in New York. In the late twentieth century United States, gangs have taken on a different character and have moved into areas unimagined by Dickens. Most significantly, they are spreading from inn...

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... diplomatic negotiations. World War II came to America's Hawaiian Islands shortly before 8 a.m on 7 December 1941. It was a quiet Sunday morning. America was not yet at war, and most civilian residents of Hawaii were preparing for church or other peaceful Sunday pursuits. Battleships of the United States Pacific Fleet burn in Pearl Harbor after the Japanese launched their devastating surprise attack ... invincible Japanese Navy. A powerful Japanese aircraft carrier strike force has just attacked America's Midway Islands on the morning of 4 June 1942. This dramatic image depicts the Japane...

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... care of family, and other daily responsibilities. The big difference between the U.S and Germany is the fact that women in Germany are over worked and under paid. Unlike the American women who have equality to that of a male. German women are increasingly becoming equal to that of men as time progresses ... it was interesting that they create some of the most intelligent people in the world but 70 percent of their employment is in the service industry. Almost three quarters of their work force is employed in a hotel, restaurant, or a retail shop. Germany has become a large tourist locat...

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... laws drafted by Hammurabi who was a king of Mesopotamian (ushistory.org). As Hammurabis Empire began to grow he saw the need to unify all of the different groups that were under his control (ushistory.org). He unified this population through the creation of the Hammurabi's code. This was one of the early mechanisms that Sophn suggests that essentially created the need ... city of Torrington for their failure to respond to her request of help from authorities where she was awarded 2.3 million dollars (Koener, 2011). On the other side of the spectrum Charles Thurman was actions landed him...

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... Whittaker was the one who continued the organization of the religious group (Sammlung, 2001). The Shakers were trying to create Heaven on Earth by practicing three basic principles of their faith: purity, community, and separation. Purity meant that they did not believe in marriage or physical relations with the opposite ... they were adopting them from the world" when mothers and fathers could no longer take care of them (Shea, 1971). For the Shakers, Sunday was the day where they could put their work aside and enjoy the whole day. It was the day of worship services and private meditatio...

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... , tattooing shows remnants of a very diverse history. By the Merriam Webster's Intermediate Dictionary tattoos are defined as marks or figures fixed upon the body using a needle to put ink under the skin, but to many cultures and civilizations of the world, they mean much more. Tattooing Today In the United States of America, tattooing has changed dramatically from the way ... , yet they were not only viewed by drawings and photographs, but by actual skin (Tattooarchive). The Maori had an unusual custom of removing and preserving the heads of tattooed chiefs after death (Tattooarchive). T...

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... army through Mexico and conquered the Aztec Empire of six million people for the heaping piles of gold. Cortez reasoned in the Second Letter to Charles V, "many rare and wonderful objects it contains daily assemble more than sixty thousand souls, engaged in buying and selling; and where are found ... who hold Indians without proper title, having entered into possession of them be their own authority, such Indians be taken away and be placed under the Royal Crown." While striving to free slaves, he shifted power from the conquistadores to himself. By granting the Indians citizenship, he fo...

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... controls is ensuring the safety and felicity of the people. It was impossible that French people could reach this feeling of safety and felicity as they were obliged to live under this tyrannical government. "The majority of the people were starving for want of bread." Philosophers as the father of liberal theory John Locke spread a body of ideas of reform to ... or to push against it and overthrow it". French people felt that the revolution would change their lives but years passed by and it was harder than the previous ones. Dickens in his book "Tales of two cities" describes the situ...

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... -wage jobs that give them little hope for improving their lifestyles. This negatively affects the lives of their families which they value a lot. According to U.S. Representative Lamar Smith (R-Texas), who heads the House Immigration Subcommittee, "the number of low-skilled, blue-collar jobs is not increasing very quickly, and the more competition we have for low-skilled Americans the more we ... for parents who cannot effectively communicate with their second generation children, and can also help second generation immigrants adapt to mainstream society. Furthermore, they promote homela...

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... group ever to immigrate to the United States was the Irish. Today, there are over forty three million people that are of Irish decent within the confines of the United States. There were three distinct waves that brought Irish to America. The first was the early medieval Christian church. The ... characteristics of a tenacious hard headed people. With out them doing that forty three million Irish would not be here today. Very few Irish made a name for themselves in the New World but a few managed to get noticed. Charles Carroll III was the only Irish Catholic to sign the Declaration of ...

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... cocaine addict, and thief. He started a militant, all black group called the Black Panthers. On a bright Sunday in a ballroom in Manhattan in full view of 400 blacks Malcolm was murdered. Three men casually walked down the aisle; and from eight feet opened fire with sawed-off double barreled shotguns. Malcolm ... in history had the American public responded with such fury. Over 15,000 thousand people marched in five different cities across the country. On Sunday, March 21, 1965 a crowd of 3,400 marchers lead by two Nobel Peace Prize winners, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph ... aro...

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... money, but only to spend it on material goods. Americans are mass consuming goods at an increasing rate. Many American households consume as much as three to four times as what a European family household might consume. I believe the United States may have a waste management problem that will not be ... for themselves these days. Everyone wants to achieve his or her goals and monetary reward seems to be the answer. Americans are in search of primarily three things, which all seem to lead to a very individualistic theme: power, greed, and control. Times have changed from spending time wi...

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... time, France had long been torn apart by a conflict with England, in which England had gained the power. A peace treaty in 1420 disowned the French prince, Charles of Valois, for certain accusations, and King Henry V was made ruler of both England and France. His son, Henry VI, was crowned after him in 1422. ... Along with the French people and many in Joan's village were forced to abandon their homes under threat of invasion. At the age of 13, Joan began to hear voices, which she determined had been sent by God to give her a mission to ... save France by ejecting its enemies, and to p...

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... brought about major changes in 1660. All of the acts of the Commonwealth Parliament, including the Navigation Act of 1651, were considered illigal under his rule (Kurland). Charles II did not intend on doing away with the act, but revising it. The Navigation Act of 1660 was a restatement of the 1651 act, but it also established a list of ... a selfish law made by the British to control the media and aquire revenues at the expense of the colonies. During 1790 to 1795, mercantilism helped spark the economy of America under Hamiltons authority. Hamilton wanted all foreign debts, amounting...

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... U.S. Constitution. The court decided that separate but equal was constitutional. The constitutional issue in this case was the 14th amendment, which guarantees equal protection under the law. Public schools could no longer be separated by race. African American children received the right to attend public schools and receive equal educational ... Luther King, Jr. Rosa Parks was the most well known person to come out of the boycott. On the December day in 1955, Parks and three other blacks were sitting in the fifth row, the first of the black section on the city bus. A few stops later, t...

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... as financers of the madmen. The South questioned the rationale of remaining in the Union with violent subversives. Tensions were inflamed by Charles Sumner's speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." In this speech, Sumner condemned both slavery supporters and the state of South Carolina. He ... basis; rather, they are even more greatly influenced by sectional sentiments. Chief Justice Taney played a paramount role in the dissolution of the Union. Under his leadership, the Supreme Court handed down the pro-slavery Dred Scott decision on March 6, 1857. The Supreme Court ruled that, because Dred...

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... as financers of the madmen. The South questioned the rationale of remaining in the Union with violent subversives. Tensions were inflamed by Charles Sumner's speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." In this speech, Sumner condemned both slavery supporters and the state of South Carolina. He ... basis; rather, they are even more greatly influenced by sectional sentiments. Chief Justice Taney played a paramount role in the dissolution of the Union. Under his leadership, the Supreme Court handed down the pro-slavery Dred Scott decision on March 6, 1857. The Supreme Court ruled that, because Dred...

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... stemmed from arguments, compared with 23 percent resulting from actual or suspected felony activity. Ninety-four percent of black murder victims were slain by black offenders. White offenders killed Eighty-three percent of white victims. In addition to being interracial, murder is also intragender for men. In single victim/single slayer situations, 87 percent of all male victims were slain ... fatal gun accidents involving children underage five, and 203 involving children aged five to fourteen (for a total of 227 for all children under fifteen). Preliminary estimates put the 1993 figure...

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... youth, in 1946, he survived the first attempt. When John Lewis Evans was executed by electrocution in Alabama in April 1983 it required three separate charges of 1,900 volts over fourteen minutes before he was officially pronounced dead" (58). Another strong and compelling issues is the possibility ... the true perpetrator of the crime came forward and made a confession or the discovery of what is sometimes described as improper police procedures where "Under considerable public pressure to solve a crime" a proper police investigation was not done. Radelet, Bedau, and Putman Punishment A...

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A Sunday school teacher was teaching her class about the difference between right and wrong. "All right children, let's take another example," she said. "If I were to ... represents a collection of individual acts of wrong. And each individual wrong begins with someone's decision to do something other than right. Typically, we think of wrong in three ways: a violation of law, departure from truth and deviation from moral decency. According to Webster, ethics is "the science of moral duty." He further describes it as ... with no knowledge of right and wrong. Proof that the opposite of Aristotl...

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... as financers of the madmen. The South questioned the rationale of remaining in the Union with violent subversives. Tensions were inflamed by Charles Sumner's speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." In this speech, Sumner condemned both slavery supporters and the state of South Carolina. He ... basis; rather, they are even more greatly influenced by sectional sentiments. Chief Justice Taney played a paramount role in the dissolution of the Union. Under his leadership, the Supreme Court handed down the pro-slavery Dred Scott decision on March 6, 1857. The Supreme Court ruled that, because Dred...

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... the separation of church and state, if that meant that religion should not mingle with politics, government, and education. So where did the phrase come from, and why are we under the illusion that the First Amendment teaches separation of church and state? What authority does congress and Supreme Court have to separate religious principal from education: none! "Congress shall make ... diploma and another student was applauded when he held a moment of silence after a judge banned prayer at Washington Community High Schools Graduation ceremony. A federal judge issued a restraining order ...

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... faith. A white's reaction after seeing slave worship shows his disapproval of the event: The music starting with a monotonous chant. The same musical phrase is repeated over and over one, two, three, four, five hours. The words become a repetition of an incoherent cry. The very monotony of sound and motion produces an ecstatic state. Women, screaming, fall to the ground prone and ... it showed the shear resilience that the slaves had in combining their traditional religious ideas with their new Christian ones. The Postbellum African-American still lived under much scrutiny. Though free, ...

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