... , in violation of the federal obscenity statute"#. Similarly, the appellant Alberts, ran a mail-order business based in Los Angeles and was charged with "lewdly keeping for sale obscene and indecent books, and with writing, composing and publishing an obscene advertisement of them"#. In both instances, under one ruling, the court, consistent with the sexually conservative morals of the time ruled in favor of the government ... , stating: "The protection given speech and press was fashioned to assure unfettered interchange of ideas for the bringing about of political ... ...

• Word Count: 3509
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . A women elected to Navajo tribal government, Lilly J. Neil, said "the government is making all these big loans to foreign countries, and bragging about what they are doing so fine and noble, for the countries who tried to ruin us. . . . I doubt very much if there's a European or Asiatic country who ... are very much if any poorer than our own Navajo Indian tribe and none of them who need help any worse, and they owe their obligations to ... supervision. Federal lawmakers continued to attack the integrity of Indian homelands.The federal government also displaced Native communities in t...

• Word Count: 1633
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... flow of capital greatly stimulated its economic growth. This is primarily to assist in removing the United States from the theater of operations and the associated security investments. Expansion of military conflict was accompanied by the growth of military orders, which, in turn, created favorable conditions ... would allow the United States to impose a kind of" Pax Americana »- such, for example, was the opinion of the Chief of Staff of the US Army General M. Taylor. The atomic bombing of Japanese cities were, in fact, the act of deterrence aimed primarily against the ... rise of th...

• Word Count: 4151
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... incalculably in his crusade against détente by what Kissinger described as "one of the ablest and most ruthless staffs" he ever encountered in Washington (Kissinger, 985). One of the most significant figures on this staff was Richard Perle, who became instrumental during the Reagan administration. Perle's anti-communism was as intense if not greater than ... even Jacksons. Together however,they became a fearsome combination (Williams 441). Together Jackson and Perle began the crusade against détente during the early 1970's, they ... eminence Americans could not find it easy, psycholog...

• Word Count: 3059
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... will complement its own position of power in the world, one that will guarantee the greatest degree of security for itself. Europe has little military power, and thus stands to benefit from working within international law and establishing diplomatic relations. America, however, is a strong military power that desires as much freedom to implement that power for its own protection as possible. Thus ... build it up; rather, Europeans have a different ideology than Americans. Given Europe's experiences with power and diplomacy in the past decade, it makes the most sense to Europeans that t...

• Word Count: 313
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... pledged to "restore America's defenses" after a reduction in weaponry during the Carter Administration (Faragher 592). Reagan's proposed plan of "peace through strength" began with heavy promotion of increased defense spending and brought the threat of nuclear war back into the minds of Americans (Faragher 592). This is evidenced in the movie when, after breaking into NORAD's computer system, David is prompted ... to select from a lengthy list of military games. Just as a teenager today might choose "Biotoxic and Chemical Warfare", David, a teenager in 1983, was intrigued by the inclusi...

• Word Count: 1073
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... were six speakers, all ranging from professors to foreign policy specialists from countries such as Germany, Russia, China & US. I went to this event because its focus primarily targeted current problems and situations regarding many global issues, concentrating primarily on the US, China, & Russia. I hoped to gain a stronger understanding of what is going on in the world because in actuality ... or a concept of knowledge on the subject. I felt that the conference was very informative in that it opened my eyes to the current problems and situations regarding geopolitics. I was intrigued ...

• Word Count: 572
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Potsdam Stalin needed to coordinate how these countries would be ran. He specially chose the leaders of each country she didn't want anyone to independent minded and need people who were totally loyal to him so that they didn't make any decisions without Stalin's approval. Stalin set up Comecon, as seen in ... in 1947 which was a key factor that caused relations from 1946 to 1949 get worst between the USA and the USSR because this was set up by Stalin so that the eastern European and communist countries could easily trade between without having to trade with the west. This created tens...

• Word Count: 626
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Serbian genocide had reached at a high level which had made the Kosovars to establish (UÇK) LKA against Serbian Army. But the situation had worsened by many civilian killed and many Kosovo's villages and cities burned. Javier Solana directed NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) General Wesley Clark to initiate air operations in Yugoslavia. The militarian operation of NATO in spring 1999 ... against Yugoslavia was called Operation Allied Force. NATO launched military operations because everything else failed and it was clear that the diplomatic track would not deliver a solut...

• Word Count: 713
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in power on the UN hierarchy, was solely composed by the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, France and Taiwan siting in for China. The main antagonisms leading to the Cold War rose almost simultaneously with the birth UN; the very nature of the ... passed in order to assist South Korea, the US had already started its own uni-lateral campaign in name of "collective self-defense", deploying troops and bombardments. A latter Anglo-French resolution for an unified command to fight in Korea was passed as a result of a lack of soviet veto. Th...

• Word Count: 1009
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Stalin's real intentions with the Berlin Blockade, as the History Channel's web page describes were to "limit the ability of France, Great Britain and the United States to travel to their sectors of Berlin, which lay within Russian-occupied East Germany" This would give the USSR edge over the ... the Berlin Blockade. In order to attempt to push the other three Berlin zone-occupiers away, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railways, roads, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to st...

• Word Count: 834
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... if the Japanese surrendered earlier, the atomic bomb would not of been launched. "People were dying so fast that I had begun to accept death as a matter of course and ceased to respect its awfulness. I considered a family lucky if it had not lost more than two of its members..."" This is explained by a survivor of the bomb who ... is implying that whoever died from this should not have experienced such a terrible incident and that America should not of dropped the bomb; however, the Japanese did not want to end the war, making it their own fault that 30,000 of their ... own people died...

• Word Count: 633
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of the sixties had emerged. They were people who accepted the fight to the cult of personality as the beginning of social regeneration. And one can see the increased influence of Western propaganda against the socialist countries of Europe. Authors of radio programs pointed out that the leaders ... of these countries had been put in power by Stalin, and behaviors, existing there, were not so different from those that had been established in the USSR under Stalin. Since the spring of 1956 ... the turmoil had began in these countries, especially in Poland and Hungary. In Budapest, in the ...

• Word Count: 846
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... For the first three years of Occupation, General MacArthur, as highest commander of the Occupation Forces had shut down all state financial institutions and corporations, with the exception of the Bank of Japan in order to make sure that all production of military material had ended. Factories ... time reconstructed itself into an economic power, making use of the favourable external environment that was now available through American support and assistance, and pre-war industrial knowledge and experience. As for Korea, the external environment was favourable but the internal that is th...

• Word Count: 795
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... each arrangement was simple: help countries that are against the enemy, no matter their system of government. I would like to discuss the objectives and successfulness of these two strategies. George Kennan recommended the Marshall Plan to shore up economic weaknesses in western European nations devastated by World War II. ... Kennan felt that such a program would help restore Europe's self-confidence, and in turn, provide an incentive to back the US as an ally in the inevitable containment struggle with the Soviet Union. Second, the plan ... furthering US hegemony in the world. Final...

• Word Count: 664
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the USA adopted a "get tough" attitude towards the USSR. The USSR responded to this "get tough" attitude of the USA by accusing the USA and her allies of trying to enclose the USSR in a corner so as to later dispose of its communist government. Another major reason why the Cold War had ... broken out between the USA and USSR was the Yalta Conference, where the "Big Three" met. The relation between the USA and the USSR deteriorated in the first year after the Yalta Conference. The cause of their relation crumbling into ... German army out of Poland. However, Stalin had a good reason for...

• Word Count: 666
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... what the World would be like after the Cold War. There were a few points that I have to say I agreed with when it comes to Fukuyama, and Huntington, but also points that I have to say I disagreed with them on. Francis Fukuyama wrote a very interesting article called "The End of History?" he ... War was going to be the last major conflict; " but the end of history as such: that is, the end of man kinds ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human democracy" (Fukuyama 2). I agree with his statement, but after the current events of ....

• Word Count: 684
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... not have an urban working-class. Thus, we see that ideological causes that the Chinese viewed that the tensions were completely due to ideological clashes alone and had nothing to do with their desire to seek their own path to socialism. However, some of these ideological causes, like Mao's "Hundred flowers ... to protect their own sovereignty. In the first instance, it is understandable that China chose USA because the Soviet Union provided China with very little and very inconsistent aid. Furthermore, it was difficult for Mao to trust the Soviet Union because it had previous supported C...

• Word Count: 1248
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the current president Theodore Roosevelt, that the Germans were looking to produce an extremely destructive bomb. "Because of fear of being out gunned and because of the occasional usefulness of the idea of massive retaliation," (HIST, 436) the United States began their own research to develop ... serious injury to about 160,000 people," (HIST, 426) then later there was a second bomb dropped on, "Nagasaki killing between 60,000 and 80,000 people," (HIST, 426). This lead to the inevitable surrendering of Japan. More often than not whenever there is a decision made that involves ... first ...

• Word Count: 1297
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... invasion that resulted in Britain's greatest ally threatening to cut all aid that would have been detrimental to the war-torn states economy. The American fear of losing Arab support and influence in the Cold War climate overpowered the Western alliance. Additionally, Eisenhower believed that the invasion illustrated Israel to be a product of western imperialism; a picture that would ... scale to Egypt," (Adamthwaite, n.d). Despite Eisenhower not wanting to loose influence within the Middle East, Congress did not support supplying a nation with arms who publically supported the Fedayeen...

• Word Count: 1540
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... democracy. The Japanese were so shocked, they decided to open up trade despite the conservative daiymos opposition. Because of Japan's decision to expand their trade and ideals into the western world, and effectively using their own treasury and importing metals to innovate, their contributions helped them maintain independence from the West despite Europe's global power. China, however, is a different story. China refused to ... open up their markets despite pressure from the heightened military superiority of the West. Their political corruption made them an easy target for the West, ...

• Word Count: 608
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the early morning hours of 2 March 1969, Soviet border security personnel spotted a platoon-sized element of Chinese soldiers crossing the frozen Ussuri River, which forms a natural boundary between China and the USSR. The Soviet border outpost situated on the Ussuri launched a small contingent to intercept the Chinese element. Up to that point of time, these occurrences were fairly common. ... that the Chinese-Russian rift was a deceptive plot to allow the Soviets to further advance their long-range nuclear missile program, while allowing China to seek increased Western economic ais and...

• Word Count: 1275
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to dominate the international system will call up a counter-balancing coalition that will restrain the state. According to balance of power theory, restraint and stability are not goals of national leaders but are by-products of the pursuit of narrow self-interest."1 Polarity is defined by how ... bipolar world is not the most stable kind of international power division. In his article, The Long Peace, the End of the Cold War, and the Failure of Realism, the author Richard Ned Lebow (1994:252), mention the realist vision of Morgenthau, he says, "For Morgenthau, the ... long peace was not...

• Word Count: 1317
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Obama's administration would avoid to name that tensions as a Cold War. In numerous speeches Obama underlines that US needs Russian cooperation with number of global priorities, particularly Iran's nuclear program and stability in the Middle East.12 Another tensions were connected with a widely known case of Edward Snowden, whom Russia given a political asylum in 2013. In revenge the White House canceled ... growing. This is a bit misleading concept of a continuation of the Cold War, mainly because the new shape of the relationship may bring completely different conflicts among the USA, ...

• Word Count: 2773
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... use which might determine the outcome of the war" (Davidson 554). After receiving this information, the President took the letter before his advisors and the decision was made to allocate funds towards a project to develop an Atomic bomb. The project was originally named "Development of Substitute Materials," ... whether or not the United States would use the bomb to end the war that was still raging in the Pacific theater. President Truman and Churchill decided to warn the Japanese of the weapon in an attempt to negotiate surrender without having to use an atomic bomb. However, ... ...

• Word Count: 1155
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate