... , and it is a familiar principle that public policy dictates that the parties" bargain not be followed or that it not be binding," (Field, p. 15). In cases where the biological mother wants to keep the child, the "ultimate issue is whether she or the infertile couple have parental rights," (Field, p.7). However, since both sides present such compelling arguments, it is often ... Field's book, she quotes a social worker who asserts that "Surrogate agreements should not be enforced by the courts These arrangements will cause grave psychological and social damage to the surrogate mother," l...

• Word Count: 3494
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , breaking them, preparing for them, and adjusting to their loss by death. Among all of these bonds is a special one -- the type a mother or father form with his or her newborn infant. Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult, but to the phenomenon ... absence has to be done by some measure of the interaction between partners. Joe Mercer's Mothers' Responses to Their Infants with Defects says, "The mother either responds to her infant's cries with affectionate behaviors and evokes the infants interactions to suggest the infant is a central part of her life, ....

• Word Count: 1750
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... effort to abolish partial-birth abortion, but unfortunately are either ignored or declined. Furthermore, the reason for this decision is to protect and save the mother's health by any means (Sullivan). President bush taking action is an example of what the people in America should be doing. Even through the ... harshest dilemmas, partial-birth should not be utilized on any mother. Furthermore, the House Bill 2395 initially disallowed the use of abortion to any female unless the life was at serious risk (Sullivan). There is ... Given this information, it seems as though society does not ...

• Word Count: 1833
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to a major international medical report, 64% of American females had abortions due external pressures (Rue et. al.). Coerced abortion can be defined as the termination of a pregnancy against the mother's wishes. In fact, adverse circumstances such as financial issues, health problems, and social affair cause abortion to be most women's last resort, even though they are not willing to undergo ... other way around with people who think of the downsides and the immoralities of forced abortion. Hence, pressured abortion is considered as an unethical action because it can harm the mother spec...

• Word Count: 891
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... inadequate and worried about raising a daughter and shows their constant arguing and clashes they have throughout their relationship. At the end of the poem there is a slight reinforcement of the mother's grasp for control. Clarke uses metaphors, juxtaposition and emotive language to highlight the struggle in their relationship. The poem starts with Clarke referencing the past; "I can remember you, child ... " to show the mother is trying to think of a positive time in her and her daughter's relationship. The writer has isolated the word 'child' through the use of a comma to hint th...

• Word Count: 613
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Anderson's first objection to surrogacy stems from her idea that surrogacy can become alienated labor if not gone about in the correct way. She states, "by requiring the surrogate mother to repress whatever parental love she feels for the child, these norms convert women's labor into a form of alienated labor." The social standards behind pregnancy encourage parental love ... Commodity", that commercial surrogacy should not be legal because it creates alienated labor, humiliation, and exploitation. These three issues arise because people fail to acknowledge and treat the surrogate mother'...

• Word Count: 852
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... should be a general rule: surrogacy shall not be tolerable. A lot of questions, both moral and legal, have danced in the minds of many people. Who, legally, will be the child's mother? Should contracts be legal and binding? What happens when one side reneges on the contract? The famous case of "Baby M" exemplifies these difficult questions. Elizabeth and William Stern, burdened by ... debate here in America, and should be prohibited. The technologies of surrogate mothering have come a long way since the times of Abraham and Sarai. Way back then to become a surrogate mother, one would ha...

• Word Count: 1679
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are characterized as depression, substance abuse, sleep disorders and suicidal thoughts. Many of these symptoms, such as suicide are a threat to the mother's health. Many of the pregnant women that have an abortion justify the action upon unwanted conditions, such rape or congenital defects. In cases ... having an abortion as a means to erase the tragic event from consciousness. The unborn child can evoke a sense of loneliness in the mother after the abortion, as well as other conditions of the Post-abortion Syndrome. One symptom may be the exaggerated response to memories of the ... st...

• Word Count: 1199
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... cervical trauma, and even death. Many of these health risks are due to inadequate prenatal care and support, rather than physical immaturity. The teenage mother is more likely to be undernourished and suffer premature and prolonged labor. (Calhoun 311) The death rate from pregnancy complications are much higher among ... Gormly 347) Poor eating habits, smoking, alcohol and drugs increase the risk of having a baby with health problems. (Johnson 3) The younger the teenage mother is, the higher the chances are that she and her baby will have health problems. This is mainly due to late prena...

• Word Count: 2011
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the womb [Simpson 4]." It is then absurd to say that these beings are not vessels of life, especially considering each fetus has a genetic code different than that of their mother's. However, Simpson's assertions don't end here; fetuses are not an ordinary "organ of [the female] body]...but an organism [Simpson 6]." These claims persist in their solemnity, ... point of conception for human beings irrespective of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Although the arguments eloquently argue and depict images of their perspectives of abortion and how abortion affects the mother and fe...

• Word Count: 1341
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and van Zyl make an important argument that "If [the surrogate] continues to play an active role in the child's life as a 'second mother', there could be no way in which her labor could be described as 'alienating' or 'dehumanising'" (348). The premise in the ... with the child forever by claiming that the surrogate will not be alienated if she plays an active role in the child's life as a second mother. However, since surrogacy is still a controversial issue, we can never overlook potential social pressures on the family. It is possible for the surrogate ... to be aliena...

• Word Count: 801
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... disease known to have mild to severe effects on the developing fetus is thyroid disease. Thyroid disease, usually caused by an iodine deficiency, can cause several issues for both the mother and fetus during pregnancy. The most common effects caused by thyroid disease are fetal neurocognitive development, mental retardation, premature birth, low birth weight, and miscarriage. Treatment of thyroid disease ... . In many cases, women receiving a replacement dose of T4 during pregnancy were able to improve metabolism of maternal T4 and increased placental transport. Other risks to the fetus...

• Word Count: 1094
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... made law by denying to another member of our species the right to exist." They argue that foetal rights are lower than that of the mother by default if we are to allow abortions, hence the following linked premise "The right of women to freedom, privacy and other good things ... rules. If humans have rights and if foetuses are human (based on their claim) then the foetus must have the same level of rights as the mother. Although the secondary premise made, is linked to the 1st, there is a noticeable lack of evidence to validate the claim. In terms of committed fallacies ... easy to offer ...

• Word Count: 2419
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a genetically distinct organism begins at conception; negative environmental influence is possible in gestation and throughout the lifespan. The initial environment any child experiences is the mother. This section discusses the interactions between the mother and the fetus, which are hypothesized to predispose a child to schizophrenia. A personal hypothesis is that the season of birth phenomenon found in schizophrenia, ... of self-medication. Toxins such as alcohol, drugs, radiation (Lyon and McClure, 1994), and nicotine have all been shown to have a detrimental effect on the fetus. A...

• Word Count: 2018
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... self is to be condoned unless the situation fits into the situations set aside by the church, e.g. if carrying the baby to full term will directly affect the mother's health or even cause her death. It is a well known fact that Catholics are primarily pro-life, however, it seems safe to say that these " ... save the lives of the innocent and unborn. They are so adamant about their argument that they feel they have a solution to every problem an unwilling mother faces. They recommend adoption or assistance programs that help finance young mothers during the first few years of their child'...

• Word Count: 1138
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that abortions kill innocent human beings, anti-abortionists believe that they also damage the mental, as well as physical condition of the mother. Since, after an abortion a mother is more susceptible to breast cancer, and to periods of depression . In the case of congenital defects, the pro-life activists ... life . The cases pertaining to rape, also have different anti-abortionists views . Many anti-abortionists believe that the child can actually help the mother get through the turbulent times in her life, by providing each other with a loving environment. Finally, in the case of ec...

• Word Count: 1358
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to create, has given women their own voice about when and if they chose to have their own children. Mary Harris Jones, also known as Mother Jones, in addition to being labeled as "one of the most dangerous woman in America (US District Attorney)", was an Irish-American ... schoolteacher and dressmaker eventually becoming a children's work activist. Mother Jones fought for the rights of children to go to school, instead of being forced to work in such terrible working conditions in the mines. ... such as the maximum amount of hours a worker is allowed to work in a week, and a minimum wag...

• Word Count: 1111
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are many arguments against abortion, such as, "Maybe the woman should have avoided intercourse if a child was not the goal," "The fetus has rights, too and the mother cannot take those away," and most popular, "Abortion is murder." In response to these arguments, motherhood should never be a 'punishment' for intercourse. Forcing an unwanted child ... fetus is a separate entity. If one does not consider the fetus its own person, it does not deserve the rights entitled to a person. Supporters consider the fetus part of its mother as it is attached by the umbilical cord and placenta. ...

• Word Count: 3016
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is a choice, which only affects women physically and, therefore, should only be a choice taken by the woman. Besides the physical implications pregnancy brings, the mother as well has a responsibility in the future of that fetus. This is where the access to abortion becomes crucial. If a woman chooses to have an abortion ... lightly by women; women seek abortion as means of last resort. Usually, when abortion is chosen it is due to the fact that the supposed mother has concluded that the life of the fetus if bourn will not be adequate and it is not guaranteed the safety and well-being of...

• Word Count: 1511
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ; allowing the audience to further identify and be inclusive on this journey. This protective image is further emphasised through the quote, "consume you, engulf you" as it connotes a mother being one with their child displaying the protected nature a child encounters. A continued journey of the foetus is displayed through the symbol of the, "belly," depicting the literal image ... of pregnancy emphasising this journey of childbirth, a mother goes through before meeting her child. Thus, through the second and third stanzas, Slessor's depiction of a mother's pregnancy journey is effective...

• Word Count: 684
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... be considered as a person already part of society, Hale continues in his argument stating that one does not need to sacrifice the life of a mother in order to save the life of a baby. He remarks that people in the present day are beginning to believe that the life of a baby and ... all cases of abortions, and therefore is weakened. Hale also makes a point that in most situations, the baby need not be killed in order to save the mother's life. This argument is also undermined by the idea of when the life of a baby begins. If life had not started yet in the womb, an ... and boldly claims ...

• Word Count: 1720
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... % to 75% (CDC, 2011; Martinez & Nalizienski, 1979, as cited in Cook and Cook, 2014). There are also health benefits related to the mother for breastfeeding including a faster recovery time for the uterus, less blood loss after delivery, earlier return to pre-pregnancy weight, reduced risks of ovarian and ... from essential calories, nutrients and vitamins (Cook and Cook, 2014). Geography and money are essential in the choice of breastfeeding. If the mother is unable to provide nutrition to her newborn in the form of formula then she may decide to breastfeed because it is cheaper and mor...

• Word Count: 933
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... facial anomalies, prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, and central nervous system abnormalities. Those born with FAS often have behavioral and learning difficulties. The consequences of the damages caused by the mother's drinking is lifelong (Wattendorf & Muenke, 2005). To date, there has been no extensive population-based studies done (Vaux & Chambers, 2012). However, data in one sample demonstrated ... are 100% preventable, however; the disease of alcoholism (the root cause) is difficult to mange (Ministry for Children and Families, 1999). In order to prevent FAS, an alcoholic m...

• Word Count: 1679
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... agree with the pro-life concept and conservative view that abortion is never morally justifiable, or at most, justifiable only when necessary to save the mother's life. Others, like Mary Ann Warren have a more pro-choice belief or liberal viewpoint believing that abortion is always justifiable, regardless of the ... legislation. By 1965, all states banned abortions, with the exception of cases of deformity, incest, rape, or to save the life of the mother. But with the civil rights and antiwar movements, women began to fight more actively for their own individual rights, especially those c...

• Word Count: 1775
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... these emotions cannot be compared with any other life changing event. It is not uncommon in the initial period following childbirth for a new mother to experience what has traditionally been referred to as the "baby blues," and for new fathers to experience emotional upheavals of their own as ... McKinney, 2010). Mothers with PPD tend to interact differently with the newborn as well. They are often tense, irritable and detached. The mother/infant relationship is affected when these mothers either do not notice, or are unable to respond to cues such as when the infant is ... financial ...

• Word Count: 1449
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate