... qualitive information" (Radosh 433). Highly acclaimed accounts of the true knowledge given to the Soviet Union by American spies have been published. One of the most respected, "Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy" by Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel, was published by Times Book Corp., NYC. The role of the brilliant American physicist, Theodore Hall, and other ... before the trials, during his arrest. A biased jury, of eleven men and one woman were pressured by the attitudes of the time. The credibility of the witnesses is more than questionable, beca...

• Word Count: 3028
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

... Committee of the Belarussian Communist party approved the proposals on the construction of the monument in the Brest fortress in the decree «The celebration of the 20th anniversary of the liberation of Sovietskaya Belarus» at the expense of the funds collected by the people for these purposes. An account was opened in the bank. Taking into account great services of the defenders of the Brest fortress before the Motherland and to the commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the great Patriotic war, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the ... alo...

• Word Count: 9116
• Approx Pages: 36
• Grade Level: High School

... part of their policies in international engagement. In answering the question "In what ways was the concept of American Exceptionalism evident in the Cold War during the years 1947-1961?" I intend to start by looking at the root of the idea and how its history manages to evoke passionate responses of American Nationalism in the transition period between the end of World War One and the Cold ... and Eisenhower. The Constitution's Involvement in Exceptionalism However before I can analyse the role played by exceptionalism in the early part of the Cold War, I must first look at the root of t...

• Word Count: 4596
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... the end of the 10th century, when missionaries from Byzantium converted the ruler of Kiev an Rus to Christianity. For the past 1,000 years the Orthodox Church has been the dominant faith of the Russian people. There are other Christian denominations as well, though none as large as the Orthodox. These include the ... Before the breakup of the USSR, Russia has been populated by about one-third of the total Jewish population of Soviet Union. Yet a relatively small percent of these Jews actually practiced Judaism. We will now discuss the most controversial more of Russia, abortion. Abortion ...

• Word Count: 4632
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... The Watergate Scandal: The Watergate Scandal was a series of crimes committed by President Nixon and his staff members who were found to of spied on and harassed political opponents, accepted illegal campaign contributions, and covered up their own misdeeds. On June 17, 1972, The Washington Post published a small story in which the reporters stated that five men had been arrested breaking into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee. The ... certain impeachment and removal from office, Nixon resigned effective at noon August 9 (Watergate info). Landing on the moon: Apollo 11...

• Word Count: 2504
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... before the end of the war. Alperovitz, an American revisionist historian, suggests that the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the first act in the Cold War, as it was intended as a warning to the Russians and was not necessary to defeat Japan. While not all agree that the vicious bombings were part of the Cold War, the Cold War mentality is certainly seen in the motivations in the latter part of World War Two. The main cause of the ... benefit; political theory advocating this."" The Americans wanted for the people to have a say in what happened to them, whilst the Russians wanted t...

• Word Count: 2699
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• Has Bibliography

... -war period of the previous role of the guarantor of balance and stability on the European continent. The international prestige of the United States and the Soviet Union, extraordinarily increased by the end of the war as a result of the huge separation from other countries in the military, economic and political fields, contributed to strengthening of the international situation and the formation of a bipolar system of international relations. The process of its formation stretched for a whole decade. However, at the initial stage of this balance of power is ... the prosperity of Ameri...

• Word Count: 4151
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... them then it would probably lead to the end of mankind. There was also the Space race, which also involved competition between the two super powers. This time they were competing for people in space, for example, Russia had the first man in space but America had the first man on the moon. The main aim of the Space Race was to develop rocket Technology. By 1960 both superpowers had enough nuclear ... both still nervous and worried about what would happen if their missiles were destroyed before they had the chance to use them. Both the USA and USSR became worried that nuclear weapons were...

• Word Count: 2876
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... of the breakup of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the regional connection in the country was cut off. Most of the business partners within a country reappeared as foreigners. The most important artery that connected the Far East with the European Russia and other Republics was the Trans Siberia Railways, which could exercise its power in the socialist planned economy. The Railways were subsidized by the State budget during the socialist period. After the transition to a market economy, the ... of mineral resources within the territory, continental shell and economic waters of the Rus...

• Word Count: 3602
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... them then it would probably lead to the end of mankind. There was also the Space race, which also involved competition between the two super powers. This time they were competing for people in space, for example, Russia had the first man in space but America had the first man on the moon. The main aim of the Space Race was to develop rocket Technology. By 1960 both superpowers had enough nuclear ... both still nervous and worried about what would happen if their missiles were destroyed before they had the chance to use them. Both the USA and USSR became worried that nuclear weapons were...

• Word Count: 2739
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one of mismanagement, overconfidence, and lack of security. The blame for the failure of the operation falls directly in the lap of the Central Intelligence Agency and a young president and his advisors. The fall out from the invasion caused a rise in tension between the two great superpowers and ironically 34 years after the event, the person that the invasion meant to topple, Fidel Castro, is still in power. To ... . His fast moving T-33s, although unimpressive by today's standards, made short work of the slow moving B-26s of the...

• Word Count: 4207
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... . When NATO launched its air strikes against Slobodan Milosevic's Serbia, the user- friendly story was that the "ethnic cleansing" undertaken by the aforementioned Milosevic was an unacceptably gross violation of human rights. Another way of looking at it the underlying motive behind it was that NATO- guided by America- was trying to prevent the uncontrollable rise of a new Adolf Hitler, a leader who took a weak shattered country and made ... organization is given more credit now that it ever was given before. Again, some countries use it only when they see fit, but the fact that it does...

• Word Count: 4898
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography

... gone. Gladkov purposely includes Gleb's naiveté as a contrast to the paralyzing effect of the traumatic revolution in his comrades. In particular, Dasha's horrific experience with torture, rape, and the overwhelming loneliness she has been subjected to, result in a consequential stoical nature that provokes her to seek survival in the upheaval of the revolution. By listening to her story, Gleb is able to comprehend why Dasha has changed so ... as Nurka is not conditioned to live on in the new Soviet state, another character, Polia, is also unable to endure the consequences of change. P...

• Word Count: 3036
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 2001; Labman, 2009), the issue of refugee crisis is old wars and conflicts around the world-from Europe to the Balkans, to the old Soviet Union, Asia, to the Americas and to Africa, the story of wars and conflicts can never be divorced from the associated mass refuge crisis. In the past, refugees were welcome in some countries as a means of boosting the economy of their hosts but not anymore ... 1919, there was massive redrawing of boundaries by the western heavy weight countries of the war-afflicted regions especially in the Balkans and the transformation of the once heterogeneous Ottoma...

• Word Count: 4488
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Third World countries, the end of World War II witnessed a marked increase in nationalist feelings in Iran, especially towards Great Britain, the pre-eminent power throughout much of the middle-east. This hostility resulted in the nationalisation of the British owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company by the Majlis (Iranian Parliament) and the election of the fiercely nationalist prime minister, Dr Mussadiq, in 1951. As the negotiations to settle the dispute dragged on, the Eisenhower administration swung its ... resulted in a national uprising and the exile of one of the fanatical religious lea...

• Word Count: 2854
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... million deaths. For these people, any initial hopes they had at the start of the revolution were extremely betrayed. For the rest of Russia, Stalin would maintain ultimate control and the oppressed masses would not ever end up forming the government. Overall, the hopes that had initially been raised among the Russian people by the Russian Revolution of 1917 were betrayed because the Communist party that would take control was more interested in forcing ... proud separate nations. Ultimately however, these new nations would prove to be fragile. When the Treaty of Versailles created new n...

• Word Count: 2597
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... more vigorously with Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger (Penna, par. 2). The end game of Détente was to induce the Russians into cooperation with the United States. By 1971, tensions between the US and the USSR were so high, and the distrust between the two Superpowers so keen, it could only be seen, by some, including Kissinger, that direct talks and negotiations with mutual interests as their anchor ... which had not been seen, if at all, even before Vietnam. The Kremlin was now facing one of the most relentless and ideological American governments since the post...

• Word Count: 3059
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... one could have expected that, it was the beginning of the end of the Soviet Empire. Mikhail Gorbachev, who tried to save the situation even by half-measures only led to the collapse of the system. Mikhail Heller wrote, "to get rid of President Gorbachev, his opponents liquidated the Soviet Union".4 Russia as the largest and strongest declared itself the heir of the Soviet Union. The loss of huge territories with the exception of Siberia made Russia withdrew to its borders ... after the fall of communism, the countries of central and eastern Europe received the promise of their inclusion...

• Word Count: 2773
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... December 1991, and Gorbachev resigned his position as president of the USSR. Under the Communist Regime there were immense social problems. In the period before Gorbachev all religion was dismissed. Although the citizens were still allowed to practice their religion it was made extremely difficult for them by the government and the official attitude towards religion was that it was a relic of the past and Atheism was encouraged. There was a substantial ... became the first President of the Russian Republic by popular vote. He helped found the Commonwealth of Independent States, which en...

• Word Count: 3016
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1924 and left in 1937. As a result he was able to get a hold of information regarding spies of espionage working within the United States government. The paranoid Chambers contacted a man by the name of J. Peters and told him of the thirteen known spies (8 of which were serving officials). In 1948, when Chambers was called before the HUAC, he told the committee "Hiss had passed classified State Department documents to him in 1937 and ... to see him as a villain, and even a buffoon."" By the end of that year the Senate voted to "condemn him for conduct of unbecoming Senator."" The early ...

• Word Count: 2810
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The possibility of the end of the Cold War for so long seemed out of the question. Because of the definition of the Soviet ideology which stated that war with the capitalist nations of the world was inevitable, peace was paradoxical. The Americans in a sense fostered the Soviet position by executing a policy of containment against the Soviet Union in order to keep it in check and from spreading any further than it had already spread. However, as the world enters 1992, the ... and stop its growth. However, by the time Carter took office, critics claimed that policy was pointless and not benefic...

• Word Count: 3267
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... or financial are put before the good of other countries. The Independent Panel of inquiry report for the Genocide in Rwanda, said the security council bears a responsibility for its lack of political will, to stop the killing. Russia, backed by a third world majority, was instrumental in 1974 when Yasir Arafat was given the opportunity to make a speech. The leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization, whose goal was to take the land the United Nations had given ... ability to preform and lead to devastating effects. "By the end of August 2003, members owed the UN $2.332 billion. The...

• Word Count: 2678
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Missile Crisis "What nonsense this all is. We simply do not want to believe that it is the desire, the ambition of the United States to appear before the whole world as an aggressor. We would like to tell them to stop that noise with your weapons, stop the rattling, and wait until we have reasonable negotiations on equal terms.1 What reasonable human being wants war? For ... things with that money in West Berlin. Certainly, it was in the best interest of the future of the GDR to limit access to West Berlin. By the late 1950s it was clear that some resolution needed to be made concerning...

• Word Count: 2678
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

... a monster or at times both, but he was never one thing. To truly understand Stalin as a man, a dictator, a leader we need to assess the country he ruled, its economy, its politics and its social status before and during the time he ruled; not just his actions. Stalin spoke these words in a speech to Party at a meeting in Leningrad, April 1926. "Now there stands ... that industrially and agriculturally Russia was at least a hundred years behind the rest of the Western world. He believed this would lead to Russia being beaten and enslaved by surrounding Capitalist countries. "We make good...

• Word Count: 2886
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... of the pool of financial instruments' (loans, stocks, currencies, etc) traded in the network of emerging markets' (Socialism Today, 1998: 2). In the aftermath of sovereign default of August 1998, the hypothesis of virtual economy in Russia developed by Gaddy and Ickes (1998) has gained popularity. The hypothesis states that the country has not moved towards free-market economy but developed a system of implicit price subsidization similar to what had existed before. Non-viable sectors that the ... mass unemployment and subsequent political instability (Ivanenko, V., 2001). The essence o...

• Word Count: 3517
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate