... . Neonatal electrocardiogram electrodes were applied to the infant's chest to record a baseline for heart rate, variation, and acceleration. Observers also recorded the infant's body, limb and eye movements. After the 30 minute baseline recording, the infant was exposed to 60 minutes of the same musical stimulus as when in the womb. The researchers found that both the control and music groups had significantly more heart rate and activity transitions during exposure ... to music compared to the baseline period. The study demonstrated an ... ...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

What are Teratogens?A teratogen is an agent that can cause a birth defect. It is usually something in the environment that the mother may be exposed to during her pregnancy. It could be a prescribed medication, a street drug, alcohol use, or a disease present in the mother, which could increase the chance for the baby to be born with a birth defect. About 4 to 5 percent of birth defects are caused by ... other organs.Phenytoin (or Dilantin) is a medication used to treat epilepsy (seizure disorder). With the use of this medicine there is a chance that the baby will be born with some of the fol...

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... forces young teens of school and thus not letting them progress in life individually and for the child. The child then also suffers from not having the full parental support and attention since the parent is either unfit or unable to provide this care. Pro-choice not only focuses on the choice women deserve as birth-givers to choose whether they are capable of performing ... the required task and from taking the responsibility of bringing new life into the world, but they also advocate for women's reproductive rights at a large overview. In the concerns regarding politics and abortion, ...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... system. However urine test has shown positive signs of metabolite in the infants' urine. In addition, researchers found an increase occurrence in cardiovascular disorder within the neonates. An evaluation undertaken in neonates exposed to cocaine indicated that the measured heart rate variability (HRV) was lower and also in the vagal tones. The research showed that the neonates exposed to excessive cocaine exposure compared to those with a minimum ... who were exposed to cocaine had definite language impairments that resulted in long term complications. However, the findings also stated...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... take place. According to Elizabeth Connell and David Grimes, "Progesterone alone makes it impossible for sperm to meet with the egg. This is done when the mucous that lines the vagina is distorted and becomes thick" (327). With the prevention of ovulation along with the inability of the sperm to travel through the cervical canal, the chances of conception are lessened. As Beverly Winikoff states, "Hormonal Contraceptives that are ... . If a woman weighs more than one hundred ninety-eight pounds it reduces the Patch's effectiveness. Contraceptive pills and condoms have no restrictions on ...

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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... expendable. At eighteen days after conception a baby has a heart beat, at six weeks the baby's brain waves can be measured and, at 9 weeks the baby can feel pain; he or she has everything that all humans have. The genetic code of the baby is all ready set to form a heart, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, skin, and mind from the moment of conception; being dependent on others should ... not deprive a helpless baby of fundamental human rights. Most women have abortions for the wrong reasons, they have abortions because they were careless and got ... pregnant accidentally, and then come to the re...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... abstained from completely to avoid intrauterine growth retardation, spontaneous abortion, premature labor, congenital infection, or stillbirth. Eating for two does not mean eating twice as much. An expecting mother requires only 300 more calories per day to maintain a healthy unborn child. The food guide pyramid provides an excellent reference as to what foods should be consumed, what foods contain essential ... . 3-5 servings of vegetables per day. Servings consist of one whole raw fruit, 1 cup raw leafy vegetables, or ½ cup raw or cooked fruits or vegetables. Protein Rich Foods: prote...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... presents a description of a case of a 35 year old women who is suffering from thyrotoxicosis while pregnant. Thyrotoxicosis is a descriptor for a pattern of biochemical abnormalities. Her doctor determines that the cause of her thyrotoxicosis is Graves' Disease. When thyrotoxicosis is due to Graves' Disease there are three treatment options; radioiodine therapy, thyroidectomy ... rapid heart rate, which may lead to heart failure; early closure of the soft spots in the skull; poor weight gain; irritability and sometimes an enlarged thyroid that can press against the wind pipe and interfer...

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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... pregnancy, optimal results will stem from little to no use of medications. Studies show that psychoactive drugs have an adverse impact on development. For example, drinking alcohol in heavy amounts can cause malformations of the face, limbs and heart defects. In addition to physical problems, intelligence quotients can range from below average to mentally retarded (Santrock, 2004). A newborn possessing ... defects. An outbreak of Rubella, the German measles, in 1964 -1965 had a devastating impact. The outcome consisted of more than 30,000 prenatal and neonatal deaths and 20,000 suffered...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... used for diagnosing the disease at birth. FAS infants typically have small eye openings, droopy eyelids, and are nearsighted. They often have a flat or absent groove between the nose and the upper lip, or just a very thin upper lip. Low-set or poorly formed ears are a major hallmark of the syndrome. The organ deformities from exposure to alcohol range from moderate to life-threatening. Heart defects and heart ... murmurs are not uncommon due to malformation during development. The genital malformations can result in sexual dysfunction. Beyond that, kidney and urinary tract defects can c...

• Word Count: 717
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... medicine. Approximately twenty-seven and a half weeks into her pregnancy, my cousin gave birth to a premature infant. Weighing only two pounds, the baby was very small and underdeveloped. The whole family was devastated when the baby died in the hospital after living for only two weeks. However, this did not prevent my cousin and her husband from trying to have another baby. Months later my ... that once again, the pregnancy would end sadly. At the hospital, the doctors had to remove the stitches on her cervix to prevent the uterus from rupturing. Doctors tried everything to stop the co...

• Word Count: 1090
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... consume the 0.4 mg of folic acid recommended for anencephaly prevention. According to the article, "Maternal Overweight and Obesity and the Risk of Congenital Anomalies ", the authors imply, "An estimated 3% of all live births in the United States are affected by a structural anomaly 79 with 0.68 per 1000 births being affected by a neural tube defect and 2.25 per 1000 births being affected by a serious heart anomaly. Given the findings ... of this review, and the BMI ... ...

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... However, alcoholism can lead to a number of physical ailments, including hypoglycemia, brain and heart damage, enlarged blood vessels in the skin, chronic gastritis, and pancreatitis. Alcoholism can also lead to impotence in men, damage to the fetus in pregnant women, and an elevated risk of cancer of the larynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and upper gastrointestinal tract. Because alcoholics seldom have adequate ... , they are likely to have nutritional deficiencies. Heavy drinkers typically have impaired liver function, and at least one in five develops cirrhosis. The alcoholic's co...

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... able to adapt to each problem and situations that I face. What motivates me the most into choosing this program out of all others is that I have the patience and heart that I am willing to give out my time in supporting others in accomplishing their goals and to promote for social justice and equity for everyone. I want to be more into my communities and to promote ... the concept of respecting each other as human being and to break the barriers to equality and to find out ... a reason of the causes of oppression. Also I know that ... ...

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... other health care givers, family members and newborn child's physicians. Prenatal (before birth) health depends partly on Mom's health prior to pregnancy. Ideally, a woman achieves the ideal weight for her height before attempting to conceive. Women who are overweight during pregnancy risk diabetes and hypertension and are also more likely to suffer minor discomforts during pregnancy. Underweight women ... of blood flow. Consequently, a lack of formation of organs or parts of organs, especially the brain, can occur, as well as a decrease of oxygen to the fetus. In addition, cocaine can c...

• Word Count: 658
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... people are trying to have babies, but for some reason cannot. Anti-abortion organizations are against abortion for the obvious reason, that they believe abortion is equivalent to murder, as the embryo is alive, defining alive as that this being is growing, developing, maturing, and replacing its own dying cells. During embryonic development, the heart is one of the few organs that must function almost as soon ... as it is formed. The human heart begins to beat and pump ... blood through the embryo around day 22 of gestation, which is one of the reasons abortion is concidered murder by ...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... sexuality. Letting parents know sometimes, could cause more harm than good to them. Nevertheless, as much as teenagers take these contraceptives for their safety, they need to know the consequences of their actions. Many teenagers do not recognize the dangers of these pills but they owe it to their health and future children. With reference to an article from Body Ecology, ... "Even scarier than the mild side effects are the serious health risks that accompany birth control pills. These include: increased risk of cervical and breast cancers, increased risk of heart attack and stroke, mig...

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... for the abnormalities of the limbs and joints are less consistent. These include deformities of the small joints of the hands as well as an incomplete rotation at the elbow. ( Aase, p.5) Looking inwardly to the problems that may occur children with FAS are also for the most part stricken with a increased risk for many common birth defects. Of these chronic defects include congenial heart disease, anomalities of the ... their high activity level, short attention span, and poor short-term memory. Many of these children require special education help regardless of the fact that their IQ f...

• Word Count: 2348
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... child may have FAS. These malformations include short palpebral fissures (eye openings), a thin upper lip, and a flattened mid-face with an elongated philtrum (the groove in the upper lip). The final indicator is usually the most detrimental to the health of the affected child: CNS involvement. Children born with FAS tend to develop a spectrum of CNS problems ranging in severity from severe mental retardation to a chronic ... of problems associated with this disease continues. Cardiac abnormalities are found in a higher than normal percentage in this population. Some of these problems ar...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... rate of 1.72% for smoking babies as compared to 0.1% for nonsmoking babies. It was established that malformations due to maternal smoking triggered stillbirth. The fetus can also acquire a build-up of patent ductus arteriosus, which can cause cardiovascular abnormalities in the future. Also, babies born to smoking mothers are twice as likely to have congenital heart disease when they're older. The long-term effects ... smoking while pregnant can have on an infant can affect them for their whole life; in growth, respiratory disorders, and behavior. It can even end ... the baby's life ear...

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... and violent death. Still other women report that the pain of abortion, inflected upon them by a masked stranger invading their body, feels identical to rape. Despite the elimination of traditional reasons for abortion in cases of heart disease, some kidney disorders, tuberculosis, and some neuralgic diseases, a woman and physician may still be aware of the difficulty of caring for a child attendant threats to her health, these ... medical reasons for abortion have arisen (Sarvis 71). A lot of times statistics focus on ... ...

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... places some pressure upon us to bear children. But obviously not all people can fulfil this prospect. Not having the ability to conceive or adopt a child can be a heart-wrenching experience for those who really want a family. Fortunately, alternatives exist for sterile couples such as foster homes and adoption. But another method that some people have chosen has caused great ... controversy here in America. Surrogacy may not be a new phenomenon, as it dates back to the Biblical times of Abram and his infertile ... a donor, then transplanted into a surrogate mother. These technologies hav...

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... work experience, education, or training. (Planned Parenthood 1) Because of this, teen mothers are generally poor and are dependent on government support. (Newman 679) The welfare system is usually the only support a teen parent will receive. Welfare benefits are higher for families with absent fathers or dependent children. (Calhoun 309) In some cases, teen mothers may also receive help like Medicaid, Food Stamps, and ... of poor health, school failure, and poverty. Infants born to teenage mothers are at a high risk of pre-maturity, health instability, increased need for intensive care,...

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... and alcohol use during pregnancy. According to Coles, prenatal alcohol exposure can cause major cognitive deficiencies, neuro-developmental slowness, and academic problems. The effects from prenatal cocaine exposure can cause abnormal arousal regulation, emotional development issues, and lapses in executive functioning. All of these conditions are ... jail time on women who use substances during pregnancy may be seen as a violation to a pregnant woman's rights, especially the use of substances that are legal for any other, of age, non-pregnant individual. Admittedly, it is true that tod...

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... , Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah and Virginia. With such bans on abortions it is harder for poorer women to seek assistance. If a woman chooses to carry her pregnancy to term, Medicaid will offer her assistance. However, if that very same woman needs to end her pregnancy ... , Medicaid will not offer her coverage even if the pregnancy will harm her health. Poor women who have cancer, diabetes, or other various heart conditions, or those whose pregnancies will...

• Word Count: 2668
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate